Wideband interlace design for physical uplink channel in nr-unlicensed

ABSTRACT

Systems, apparatuses, methods, and computer-readable media are provided for an access point (AP) for a wireless communication system operating in a licensed and an unlicensed spectrum. The AP includes processor circuitry configured to determine a plurality of interleaved interlaces based on a bandwidth of a physical uplink channel and a subcarrier spacing (SCS). The processor circuitry is configured to identify a plurality of resource blocks (RBs) corresponding to a first interleaved interlace of the plurality of interleaved interlaces, which are based on a number of subcarrier per RB. The processor circuitry is configured to allocate the plurality of RBs corresponding to the first interleaved interlace among one or more user equipments (UEs), and generate an indication of the allocated plurality of RBs, the first interleaved interlace, and the one or more UEs to transmit to the one or more UEs via radio front end circuitry coupled to the processor circuitry.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/806,703, filed Feb. 15, 2019, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety for all purposes.

BACKGROUND

Various embodiments/aspects generally may relate to the field of wireless communications.

BRIEF SUMMARY

This disclosure describes an access point (AP), or an apparatus thereof, for a wireless communication system operating in a licensed and an unlicensed spectrum. The AP includes processor circuitry configured to determine a plurality of interleaved interlaces based on a bandwidth of a physical uplink channel and a subcarrier spacing (SCS). The processor circuitry is configured to identify a plurality of resource blocks (RBs) corresponding to a first interleaved interlace of the plurality of interleaved interlaces. The plurality of RBs may be based on a number of subcarriers per RB. The processor circuitry is configured to allocate the plurality of RBs corresponding to the first interleaved interlace among one or more user equipments (UEs). The processor circuitry is configured to generate an indication of the allocated plurality of RBs, the first interleaved interlace, and the one or more UEs. The AP includes radio front end circuitry that coupled to the processor circuitry. The radio front end circuitry is configured to transmit, to the one or more UEs, the indication of the allocated plurality of RBs and the first interleaved interlace for the one or more UEs to transmit over the physical uplink channel. In embodiments/aspects, the bandwidth of the physical uplink channel corresponds to one or more listen-before-transmission (LBT) sub-bands acquired using an LBT procedure.

This disclosure also describes a method performed by an access point (AP) for a wireless communication system operating in a licensed and an unlicensed spectrum. The method includes determining a plurality of interleaved interlaces based on a bandwidth of a physical uplink channel and a subcarrier spacing (SCS). The method includes identifying a plurality of resource blocks (RBs) corresponding to a first interleaved interlace of the plurality of interleaved interlaces. The plurality of RBs may be based on a number of subcarriers per RB. The method includes allocating the plurality of RBs corresponding to the first interleaved interlace among one or more user equipments (UEs), and generating an indication of the allocated plurality of RBs, the first interleaved interlace, and the one or more Ues. The method includes transmitting, from the AP to the one or more UEs, the indication of the allocated plurality of RBs and the first interleaved interlace for the one or more UEs to transmit over the physical uplink channel. In embodiments/aspects, the bandwidth of the physical uplink channel corresponds to one or more listen-before-transmission (LBT) sub-bands acquired using an LBT procedure.

This disclosure also describes a computer-readable media (CRM) that includes computer instructions, whereupon execution of the computer instructions by one or more processors of an access point (AP) for a wireless communication system operating in a licensed spectrum and an unlicensed spectrum, causes the one or more processors to determine a plurality of interleaved interlaces based on a bandwidth of a physical uplink channel and a subcarrier spacing (SCS). The instructions cause the one or more processors to identify a plurality of resource blocks (RBs) corresponding to a first interleaved interlace of the plurality of interleaved interlaces. The plurality of RBs may be based on a number of subcarriers per RB. The instructions cause the one or more processors to allocate the plurality of RBs corresponding to the first interleaved interlace among one or more user equipments (UEs), and generate an indication of the allocated plurality of RBs, the first interleaved interlace, and the one or more UEs. The instructions cause the one or more processors to transmit, to the one or more UEs, the indication of the allocated plurality of RBs and the first interleaved interlace for the one or more UEs to transmit over the physical uplink channel. In embodiments/aspects, the bandwidth of the physical uplink channel corresponds to one or more listen-before-transmission (LBT) sub-bands acquired using an LBT procedure.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

FIG. 1 depicts an example of a physical resource block (PRB) based on non-uniform interlaces in accordance with some embodiments/aspects.

FIG. 2 depicts an example of PRB based wideband interlace in accordance with some embodiments/aspects.

FIG. 3 depicts an example procedure in accordance with some embodiments/aspects.

FIG. 4 depicts another example procedure in accordance with some embodiments/aspects.

FIG. 5 depicts an architecture of a system of a network in accordance with some embodiments/aspects.

FIG. 6 depicts an architecture of a system, including a first core network in accordance with some embodiments/aspects.

FIG. 7 depicts an architecture of a system, including a second core network in accordance with some embodiments/aspects.

FIG. 8 depicts an example of infrastructure equipment in accordance with various embodiments/aspects.

FIG. 9 depicts example components of a platform in accordance with various embodiments/aspects.

FIG. 10 depicts example components of baseband circuitry and radio frequency circuitry in accordance with some embodiments/aspects.

FIG. 11 depicts an illustration of various protocol functions that may be used for various protocol stacks in accordance with various embodiments/aspects.

FIG. 12 illustrates components of a core network in accordance with various embodiments/aspects.

FIG. 13 is a block diagram illustrating components, according to some example embodiments/aspects, of a system to support network functions virtualization (NFV).

FIG. 14 depicts a block diagram illustrating components, according to some example embodiments/aspects, able to read instructions from a machine-readable or computer-readable medium (e.g., a non-transitory machine-readable storage medium) and perform any one or more of the methodologies discussed herein.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The following detailed description refers to the accompanying drawings. The same reference numbers may be used in different drawings to identify the same or similar elements. In the following description, for purposes of explanation and not limitation, specific details are set forth such as particular structures, architectures, interfaces, techniques, etc. in order to provide a thorough understanding of the various aspects of various embodiments/aspects. However, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art having the benefit of the present disclosure that the various aspects of the various embodiments/aspects may be practiced in other examples that depart from these specific details. In certain instances, descriptions of well-known devices, circuits, and methods are omitted so as not to obscure the description of the various embodiments/aspects with unnecessary detail. For the purposes of the present document, the phrase “A or B” means (A), (B), or (A and B).

Embodiments/aspects disclosed herein are related to RANI and 5G.

Mobile communication has advanced remarkably from early voice systems to today's highly sophisticated integrated communication platform. The next-generation wireless communication system, 5G, or new radio (NR) will provide ubiquitous connectivity and access to information, as well as the ability to share data by various users and applications. NR is expected to be a unified framework that targets to meet starkly different and sometimes conflicting performance criteria and services. In general, NR will evolve based on the third generation partnership project (3GPP) long term evolution (LTE)-Advanced technology with additional enhanced radio access technologies (RATs) to enable seamless wireless connectivity implementations.

In LTE, the uplink (UL) transmission scheme (legacy) was based on the Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access (SC-FDMA) approach, where the sub-carrier mapping could be either localized (contiguous in frequency) or distributed (non-contiguous in frequency) across the bandwidth of the physical channel. In contiguous mapping mode, the Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT) pre-coded input data for UL transmission occupy consecutive frequency sub-carriers within UL transmission bandwidth. On the other hand, for a non-contiguous mapping scheme, DFT output of the input data are allocated across the entire bandwidth, with zeros occupying unused sub-carriers inserted in between sub-carriers used for transmission. This distributed mapping scheme, when designed so as to maintain the equidistant gap in between used sub-carriers, is called Interleaved FDMA (IFDMA). A special case of SC-FDMA, IFDMA is a particularly efficient multiple access scheme with low complexity transmitter side implementation (time-domain signal modulation without the use of DFT and IDFT), low computation complexity for channel equalization and user separation, low envelope fluctuation of transmitted signal, high-frequency diversity gain and high spectral efficiency even without the knowledge of channel state information (CSI) at the transmitter. However, IFDMA is prone to channel frequency offset (CFO) error and inter-carrier interference (ICI).

In the unlicensed spectrum, contiguous mapping of transmitting data in UL across consecutive frequency sub-carriers is not feasible, since the occupied channel bandwidth (OCB) regulation is violated. In addition, regulation constraining peak PSD may forbid UE to utilize the maximum allowed total transmit power fully. IFDMA implements a plausible implementation to get around the regulatory constraints, but the associated impairments like CFO error and ICI may curb the benefits IFDMA can possibly confer.

One way to mitigate the impact of CFO error and ICI is to use a special structure of IFDMA, called Block-IFDMA (B-IFDMA). In B-IFDMA, UEs are allocated equally spaced resource block (RBs) containing adjacent frequency sub-carriers (known as interlace), the blocks being spread across the entire transmission bandwidth. B-IFDMA is, in general, less susceptible to phase noise than IFDMA and also has lower sensitivity to CFO while offering comparable frequency diversity gain as IFDMA. B-IFDMA has a marginally higher peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) compared to IFDMA. Depending on the time-frequency variability within an RB of interlace, channel estimation performance of B-IFDMA can be slightly better/worse than IFDMA with the same pilot overhead.

Embodiments/aspects described herein may be directed to a B-IFDMA based interlace design for NR-unlicensed uplink physical control/shared channel, where the interlace RB can be in the unit of physical resource block (PRB) or, in the unit of a fraction of PRB, referred to as sub-PRB, or a combination thereof in the frequency domain and can span any number of symbols within a subframe in time domain. Additionally, embodiments/aspects of the interlace design are flexible to be uniform or non-uniform, depending on whether each interlace interleaved across the bandwidth has the same number of resource blocks per interlace or not. Finally, embodiments/aspects of the interlace design is numerology scalable, i.e., the interlace designed for a physical channel with a specific numerology (i.e., a set of sub-carrier spacing and bandwidth configuration) can be scaled to deduce the interlace design of another physical channel with a different numerology (i.e., with a different set of sub-carrier spacing and/or bandwidth configuration).

-   -   Legacy LTE-unlicensed interlace design is not suitable for the         NR-unlicensed spectrum since NR spectrum utilization encompasses         numerous numerology sets (i.e., configurations of sub-carrier         spacing and bandwidth combinations), unlike the limited         numerology specification (10 and 20 MHz bandwidths and 15 kHz         sub-carrier spacing) for LTE-unlicensed.     -   For LTE-unlicensed, uniform interlace design with 10         PRBs/interlace was sufficient to meet OCB and PSD related         regulations, which won't be possible for NR-unlicensed. In fact,         no simple uniform interlace design will be possible for some         sub-carrier spacing bandwidth combinations where the number of         PRBs available is multiples of prime numbers, for example, 51         PRBs for 20 MHz bandwidth and 30 kHz sub-carrier spacing.     -   Since NR-unlicensed is targeted for a much diverse numerology         configuration, PRB based uniform interlace design of         LTE-unlicensed may not be the appropriate design choice,         especially for larger bandwidth, where each PRB spans over wide         frequency range over which the channels may not remain frequency         non-selective. Hence, the basic unit of interlace RB may be         needed to be of finer granularity than 1 PRB, viz. a fraction of         a PRB, unlike legacy LTE-unlicensed design.     -   LTE-unlicensed interlace design is numerology specific. Since         NR-unlicensed is diverse in potential sub-carrier         spacing-bandwidth combination sets to be supported, a numerology         scalable interlace design would be relevant for NR-unlicensed         physical channel design, contrary to the legacy LTE-unlicensed         approach.

Embodiments/aspects described herein may be related to at least some of the following:

-   -   NR-unlicensed physical channel design for UL.     -   B-IFDMA based interlace design for NR-unlicensed wideband         operation to meet regulations.     -   Enables NR UL transmission over unlicensed spectrum.     -   Enables efficient resource utilization across various numerology         sets while abiding by the regulatory constraints for NR UL         transmission in the unlicensed spectrum.         B-IFDMA Based Interlace Design for NR-Unlicensed Physical Uplink         Control/Shared Channel with Bandwidth>20 MHz     -   In embodiments/aspects, a B-IFDMA based uniform/non-uniform         interlace design for 20 MHz bandwidth (BW) may consist of one         interlace as the basic unit of resource allocation, and there         may be a number of interleaved interlaces (indexed 0, 1, . . . ,         M−1; where M is an integer) that can be designed for a given         physical channel, where     -   The j-th interlace (j=0, 1, . . . , M−1) may be composed of         N_(j) resource blocks equally spaced in frequency domain, each         consisting of x frequency sub-carriers, where N_(j) is an         integer and N_(j) may or may not be equal to N_(i) (i=0, 1, . .         . , M−1 and i≠j).     -   The separation between two consecutive resource blocks in the         frequency domain may be of M blocks, each consisting of x         frequency sub-carriers, where M is an integer.         -   In one nonexclusive option, x may be in units of physical             resource block (PRB), i.e., x=12 sub-carriers or 1 PRB, such             that j-th interlace may consist of N_(j) PRBs, with a             separation of M PRBs in between two consecutive resource             blocks of the interlace, where N_(j) and M are integers.         -   In another nonexclusive option, x may be in units of sub-PRB             (fraction of a PRB), i.e., x=1 sub-PRB, where 1 sub-PRB=q             PRB, 0<q<1 In this case, j-th interlace may consist of N_(j)             sub-PRBs, with a separation of M sub-PRBs in between two             consecutive resource blocks of each interlace.

In accordance with some embodiments/aspects, FIG. 1 illustrates an example interlace design for 20 MHz BW and 15 KHz subcarrier spacing (SCS), with total number of available PRBs (N_(RB))=106, where M=10 and N_(j)=11 for j=0, . . . , 5 and N_(j)=10 for j=6, . . . , 9. In FIG. 1, ten interlaces interlace 0 through interlace 9 102, 104, 106, 108, 110, 112, 114, 116, 118, and 120, respectively are shown. By way of a non-limiting example, interlace 0 102 is allocated physical resource blocks 0, 10, . . . , 90, 100 as shown in FIG. 1 by 122, 124, 126, and 128, respectively. Also, shown in FIG. 1, few PRBs near the band edges may be left unused for guard bands 130 and 132.

The interlace design for 20 MHz BW can be enhanced to BW>20 MHz (e.g., BW=n*20 MHz, where n>0) by extending the interlace design for 20 MHz while keeping M fixed and scaling N with n.

In accordance with some embodiments/aspects, FIG. 2 illustrates an example of wideband PRB-based interlace design for 40 MHz BW and 30 kHz SCS 202, which is an extension of interlace design for 20 MHz BW and same subcarrier spacing (30 kHz) 204, by keeping M=5 fixed while increasing N_(j) from 10/11 PRBs at 20 MHz to 21/22 PRBs at 40 kHz.

-   -   In embodiments/aspects, a UE may be scheduled with a full         wideband interlace for transmission over the BW of n*20 MHz. The         UE may be allowed to transmit over one or multiple of LBT         sub-bands (each LBT sub-band being 20 MHz) by using a part of         the interlace within the one or more LBT sub-bands. For example,         as shown in FIG. 2, a UE may be configured with interlace #0 at         40 MHz BW, and 30 kHz SCS and the UE may either use the entire         interlace #0 (i.e., PRB#0, PRB#4, . . . , PRB#105), or only         upper half of the interlace (e.g., PRB#0, PRB#4, . . . ,         PRB#50), or only lower half of the interlace (e.g., PRB#55,         PRB#60, PRB#105), based on whether UE has LBT success over the         entire 40 MHz, or only one half of 40 MHz, i.e., only one 20 MHz         LBT sub-band within the 40 MHz BW.     -   There may be multiple ways to indicate the allocated resource.         One option may be a separate indication of full interlaces and         partial interlaces. For the interlace indication, BITMAP can be         used, where each bit of BITMAP may indicate one interlace. In         this case, the BITMAP size can be the same as the number of         interlaces, e.g., 5 bits for the case of the interlace design         shown in FIG. 2. Or starting interlace and number of interlaces         can be used for indicating consecutive interlaces. For         indicating available subband(s) on top of interlaces, one         example is to use additional BITMAP of the subbands. A UE can be         indicated with one or multiple interlace(s), and additional LBT         subband BITMAP can also be indicated on top of that. For BITMAP         indication of subbands, only available LBT subbands can be         indicated as “1,” and non-available subbands can be indicated as         “0”. Another option could be a joint indication of interlace,         and partial interlaces, where for example, partial interlaces         indexed separately over multiple interlaces over the whole band,         and only the allocated partial interlaces are indicate, e.g.,         BITMAP. Alternatively, a unified indication of interlace and         partial interlace can be used, where for partial interlace, the         resource index could be mere continuation of the full interlace         and UE may be indicated with the starting PRB index and         interlace number, along with either the sub-band indication         and/or the ending PRB index from which the partial interlace         structure can be implicitly derived. In addition, full or         partial interlace indication can be done via higher layer         signaling.     -   In embodiments/aspects, a UE may be assigned a partial interlace         over wideband (i.e., BW>20 MHz), such that number of PRBs/UE         remains nearly the same as N_(j) corresponding to 20 MHz and         number of UEs multiplexed within an interlace in frequency         division multiplexing (FDM) manner scales with BW (while the         number of interlaces M remains the same with increasing BW).         -   In one nonexclusive option, n UEs can be frequency division             multiplexed within a wideband interlace over n*20 MHz BW.             PRB assignments within one wideband interlace to n UEs may             follow a certain rule. As one example, if the PRB indices             within an interlace are numbered C0, C1, C2, C3, . . . ,             C(N−1) (the interlace being consisted of N PRBs), the PRB             indices assigned to UE(1), UE(2), . . . , UE(n) may be as             follows:

$\left. \quad\begin{matrix} {{{{UE}(1)}\text{:}\mspace{14mu} C\; 0},{C(n)},{C\left( {2n} \right)},\ldots} \\ {{{{UE}(2)}\text{:}\mspace{14mu} C\; 1},{C\left( {n + 1} \right)},{C\left( {{2n} + 1} \right)},\ldots} \\ \vdots \\ {{{{UE}(n)}\text{:}\mspace{14mu}{C\left( {n - 1} \right)}},{C\left( {{2n} - 1} \right)},{C\left( {{3n} - 1} \right)},\ldots} \end{matrix} \right\}$

Table 1 illustrates partial interlace design for 40 MHz BW (2*20 MHz, i.e., n=2) and 15 KHz SCS (N_(RB)=216), where each row of the table consists of PRB indices corresponding to one interlace. Within one interlace, n=2 UEs can be frequency division multiplexed, where the “non-bold” entries in the j-th row of Table 1 denotes the PRBs assigned to UE(2j−1), and “bold” entries in the row denote the PRBs assigned to UE(2j). Therefore, corresponding to 10 interlaces, in total, 2*10=20 UEs can be frequency division multiplexed, 2 UEs on each interlace (one example is the indicated row in Table 1).

TABLE 1 partial interlace design for 40 MHz BW and 15 KHz SCS (n = 2 UEs per interlace) Int. Multiplexed PRB index over 40 MHz BW (for 15 kHz SCS) no. UEs C0 C1 C2 C3 C4 . . . C19 C20 C21

 1 UE {1, 2}  1 11 21 31 41 . . . 191 201 211  2 UE {3, 4}  2 12 22 32 42 . . . 192 202 212  3 UE {5, 6}  3 12 23 33 43 . . . 193 203 213  4 UE {7, 8}  4 14 24 34 44 . . . 194 204 214  5  UE {9, 10}  5 15 25 35 45 . . . 195 205 215  6 UE {11, 12}  6 16 26 36 46 . . . 196 205 216  7 UE {13, 14}  7 17 27 37 47 . . . 197 207 —  8 UE {15, 16}  8 18 28 38 48 . . . 198 208 —  9 UE {17, 18}  9 19 29 39 49 . . . 199 209 — 10 UE {19, 20} 10 20 30 40 50 . . . 200 210 —

Table 2 illustrates partial interlace design for 60 MHz BW (3*20 MHz, i.e., n=3) and 30 KHz SCS (N_(RB)=162), where each row of the table consists of PRB indices corresponding to one interlace. Within one interlace, n=3 UEs can be frequency division multiplexed, where the “black” entries in the j-th row of Table 2 denotes the PRBs assigned to UE(2j−1), “bold” entries to UE(2j) and “underline” entries to UE(2j+1). Therefore, corresponding to 5 interlaces, in total, 3*5=15 UEs can be frequency division multiplexed, 3 UEs on each interlace (one example is the indicated row in Table 2).

TABLE 2 partial interlace design for 60 MHz BW and 30 KHz SCS (n = 3 UEs per interlace) PRB index over 60 MHz BW Int. Multiplexed (for 30 kHz SCS) no. UEs C0 C1 C2 C3 C4 . . . C31 C32 C33

1 UE {1, 2, 3} 1  6 11 16 21 . . . 151 156 161 2 UE {4, 5, 6} 2  7 12 17 22 . . . 152 157 162 3 UE {7, 8, 9} 3  8 13 18 23 . . . 153 158 — 4 UE {10, 11, 4  9 14 19 24 . . . 154 159 — 12} 5 UE {13, 14, 5 10 15 20 45 . . . 155 160 — 15}

-   -   In another option, n UEs can be multiplexed in FDM manner within         one wideband interlace, where each UE can be assigned only a         partial sub-band (and the corresponding PRBs within one         interlace). As one example, for n*20 MHz BW, n UEs can be         multiplexed within one wideband interlace, where each UE would         be assigned PRBs corresponding to a 20 MHz sub-band.

Table 3 illustrates partial interlace design for 40 MHz BW (2*20 MHz, i.e., n=2) and 15 kHz SCS (N_(RB)=216), where each row of the table consists of PRB indices corresponding to one interlace. Within one interlace, n=2 UEs can be frequency division multiplexed, where the “black” entries in the j-th row of Table 2 denotes the PRBs assigned to UE(2j−1) and “bold” entries in the row denotes the PRBs assigned to UE(2j). Therefore, corresponding to 10 interlaces, in total, 2*10=20 UEs can be frequency division multiplexed, 2 UEs on each interlace (one example is the highlighted row in Table 3). Note that, here few PRBs near the band edges of each 20 MHz sub-band may be left unused for guard band (shown as grey PRB indices in Table 3)

TABLE 3 partial interlace design for 40 MHz BW and 15 kHz SCS (n = 2 UEs per interlace) Int. Multiplexed PRB index over 40 MHz BW (for 15 KHz SCS) no. UEs C0 C1 . . . C10 C11 C12 . . . C20 C21

 1 UE {1, 2}  1 11 . . . 101 111 121 . . . 201 211  2 UE {3, 4}  2 12 . . . 102 112 122 . . . 202 212  3 UE {5, 6}  3 12 . . . 103 113 123 . . . 203 213  4 UE {7, 8}  4 14 . . . 104 114 124 . . . 204 214  5  UE {9, 10}  5 15 . . . 105 115 125 . . . 205 215  6 UE {11, 12}  6 16 . . . 106 116 126 . . . 205 216  7 UE {13, 14}  7 17 . . . 107 117 127 . . . 207 —  8 UE {15, 16}  8 18 . . . 108 118 128 . . . 208 —  9 UE {17, 18}  9 19 . . . 109 119 129 . . . 209 — 10 UE {19, 20} 10 20 . . . 110 110 130 . . . 210 —

Table 4 illustrates partial interlace design for 60 MHz BW (3*20 MHz, i.e., n=3) and 30 KHz SCS (N_(RB)=162), where each row of the table consists of PRB indices corresponding to one interlace. Within one interlace, n=3 UEs can be frequency division multiplexed, where the “black” entries in the j-th row of Table 4 denotes the PRBs assigned to UE(2j−1), “bold” entries to UE(2j) and “underline” entries to UE(2j+1). Therefore, corresponding to 5 interlaces, in total, 3*5=15 UEs can be frequency division multiplexed, 3 UEs on each interlace (one example is the indicated row in Table 4). Note that, here few PRBs near the band edges of each of the three 20 MHz sub-band may be left unused for guard band (shown as grey PRB indices in Table 4)

TABLE 4 partial interlace design for 60 MHz BW and 30 kHz SCS (n = 3 UEs per interlace) Int. Multiplexed PRB index over 40 MHz BW for 15 KHz SCS) no. UEs C0 C1 . . . C10 C11 C12 . . . C21 C22 C23 . . . C33

1 UE {1, 2, 3} 1  6 . . . 51 56 61 . . . 106 111 116 . . . 161 2 UE {4, 5, 6} 2  7 . . . 52 57 62 . . . 107 112 117 . . . 162 3 UE {7, 8, 9} 3  8 . . . 53 58 63 . . . 108 113 118 . . . — 4 UE {10, 11, 12} 4  9 . . . 54 58 64 . . . 109 114 119 . . . — 5 UE {13, 14, 15} 5 10 . . . 55 60 65 . . . 110 115 120 . . . —

In each option, for the indication (or signaling) of the allocated resource, a separate indication can be used for interlaces, and partial interlaces. For the indication of the interlace, BITMAP can be used, where each bit of BITMAP indicates each interlace. In this case, the BITMAP size can be the same as the number of interlaces, e.g., 5 bits for the case of the interlace design shown in FIG. 2. Or simply starting interlace and number of interlaces can be used for indicating consecutive interlaces. And for the indication of partial interlace, BITMAP can be used. For example, if a maximum number of multiplexed UEs is 3, then 3-bit BITMAP is used, and each bit of the BITMAP can indicate the corresponding partial interlace. In case of partial interlace design given in Table 2, if the interlace #1 is chosen then for the partial interlace BITMAP whose size is 3 bits, first bit indicates the partial interlace of {1, 16, . . . , 151}, and second bit indicates the partial interlace of {6, 21, 156}, and the last bit indicates the partial interlace of {11, 21, . . . , 161}.

Another indication option could be a joint indication of interlace, and partial interlaces, where for example, partial interlaces are indexed separately over multiple interlaces over the whole band, and only the allocated partial interlaces are indicated, e.g., BITMAP.

-   -   In embodiments/aspects, the allocation of PRBs within an         interlace to a UE may start from the band edges of an LBT         sub-band (20 MHz). For example if the interlace contains         PRBs#C(1) to PRB#C(n_max) within an LBT sub-band, then         allocation proceeds as follows—PRB#C(1), PRB#C(n_max), PRB#C(2),         PRB#C(n_max−1), PRB#C(3), PRB#C(n_max−2), . . . . Depending on         the allocation size, all PRBs on that interlace may be allocated         to the UE, allocation starts in a similar manner on another         interlace on the same LBT sub-band. If all the PRBs on the LBT         sub-band are allocated, the gNB starts allocation on the next         adjacent LBT sub-band following the same process. For the         indication of the resources, separate indication or joint         indication can be used for interlaces, and partial interlaces,         as described above.

Example Procedures

In some embodiments/aspects, the electronic device(s), network(s), system(s), chip(s) or component(s), or portions or implementations thereof, of FIGS. 5-14, or some other figure herein, may be configured to perform one or more processes, techniques, or methods as described herein, or portions thereof. One such process is depicted in FIG. 3. In accordance with some embodiments/aspects, at step 302, the process may include identifying or causing to identify a resource allocation scheme for physical uplink channels. At step 304, the process may further include determining or causing to determine a transmission signal. The process may further include transmitting or causing to transmit the determined transmission signal based on an interlace, as shown in FIG. 3 at step 306.

FIG. 4 illustrates another example procedure in accordance with some embodiments/aspects. The example procedure may be executed in a system or apparatus as described herein with respect to FIG. 5 through 14. In accordance with some embodiments/aspects, at step 402, an access point for a wireless communication system may configure or determine a plurality of interleaved interlaces based on a bandwidth of a physical uplink channel and a subcarrier spacing (SCS). As described in this disclosure, by way of a non-limiting example, the bandwidth may be 20 MHz or in multiples of 20 MHz, and the SCS may be 15 kHz or 30 kHz, etc. As described above, the interleaved interlaces may be based on B-IFDMA for NR-unlicensed uplink physical control/shared channel.

In accordance with some embodiments/aspects, at step 404, a plurality of resource blocks (RBs) corresponding to a first interleaved interlace of the plurality of interleaved interlaces may be identified or configured. As described above, the plurality of resource blocks may be based on a number of subcarriers per RB. In accordance with some embodiments/aspects, at step 406, the plurality of RBs corresponding to the first interleaved interlace are allocated among one or more UEs. Please refer to Tables 1-4 for how the plurality of RBs of the interleaved interlaces may be allocated to the one or more UEs.

In accordance with some embodiments/aspects, the AP may generate an indication of the allocated plurality of RBs, the first interleaved interlace, and the one or more UEs. In accordance with some embodiments/aspects, at step 408, the AP may transmit, to the one or more UEs, the indication of the allocated plurality of RBs and the first interleaved interlace for the one or more UEs to transmit over the physical uplink channel. As described in this disclosure, the indication may be one or more bitmaps. By way of a non-limiting example, the size of the one or more bitmaps may equal to a number of the plurality of interleaved interlaces.

The steps or functions in FIGS. 1 and 2 can be performed by one or more of the application circuitry 805 or 905, baseband circuitry 810 or 910, or processors 1414.

It is to be appreciated that other processes, which are not shown in flowchart illustrations (e.g., FIG. 3 or FIG. 4, etc.), are set forth herein.

For one or more embodiments/aspects, at least one of the components set forth in one or more of the preceding figures may be configured to perform one or more operations, techniques, processes, and/or methods as set forth in the example section below. For example, the baseband circuitry, as described above in connection with one or more of the preceding figures, may be configured to operate in accordance with one or more of the examples set forth below. For another example, circuitry associated with a UE, base station, network element, etc. as described above in connection with one or more of the preceding figures may be configured to operate in accordance with one or more of the examples set forth below in the example section.

Systems and Implementations

FIG. 5 illustrates an example architecture of a system 500 of a network, in accordance with various embodiments/aspects. The following description is provided for an example system 500 that operates in conjunction with the LTE system standards and 5G or NR system standards as provided by 3GPP technical specifications. However, the example embodiments/aspects are not limited in this regard and the described embodiments/aspects may apply to other networks that benefit from the principles described herein, such as future 3GPP systems (e.g., Sixth Generation (6G)) systems, IEEE 802.16 protocols (e.g., WMAN, WiMAX, etc.), or the like.

As shown in FIG. 5, the system 500 includes UE 501 a and UE 501 b (collectively referred to as “UEs 501” or “UE 501”). In this example, UEs 501 is illustrated as smartphones (e.g., handheld touchscreen mobile computing devices connectable to one or more cellular networks), but may also comprise any mobile or non-mobile computing device, such as consumer electronics devices, cellular phones, smartphones, feature phones, tablet computers, wearable computer devices, personal digital assistants (PDAs), pagers, wireless handsets, desktop computers, laptop computers, in-vehicle infotainment (IVI), in-car entertainment (ICE) devices, an Instrument Cluster (IC), head-up display (HUD) devices, on-board diagnostic (OBD) devices, dashtop mobile equipment (DME), mobile data terminals (MDTs), Electronic Engine Management System (EEMS), electronic/engine control units (ECUs), electronic/engine control modules (ECMs), embedded systems, microcontrollers, control modules, engine management systems (EMS), networked or “smart” appliances, MTC devices, M2M, IoT devices, and/or the like.

In some embodiments/aspects, any of the UEs 501 may be IoT UEs, which may comprise a network access layer designed for low-power IoT applications utilizing short-lived UE connections. An IoT UE can utilize technologies such as M2M or MTC for exchanging data with an MTC server or device via a PLMN, ProSe or D2D communication, sensor networks, or IoT networks. The M2M or MTC exchange of data may be a machine-initiated exchange of data. An IoT network describes interconnecting IoT UEs, which may include uniquely identifiable embedded computing devices (within the Internet infrastructure), with short-lived connections. The IoT UEs may execute background applications (e.g., keep-alive messages, status updates, etc.) to facilitate the connections of the IoT network.

The UEs 501 may be configured to connect, for example, communicatively coupled, with an access network (AN) or RAN 510. In embodiments/aspects, the RAN 510 may be an NG RAN or a 5G RAN, an E-UTRAN, or a legacy RAN, such as a UTRAN or GERAN. As used herein, the term “NG RAN” or the like may refer to a RAN 510 that operates in an NR or 5G system 500, and the term “E-UTRAN” or the like may refer to a RAN 510 that operates in an LTE or 4G system 500. The UEs 501 utilize connections (or channels) 503 and 504, respectively, each of which comprises a physical communications interface or layer (discussed in further detail below).

In this example, the connections 503 and 504 are illustrated as an air interface to enable communicative coupling and can be consistent with cellular communications protocols, such as a GSM protocol, a CDMA network protocol, a PTT protocol, a POC protocol, a UMTS protocol, a 3GPP LTE protocol, a 5G protocol, a NR protocol, and/or any of the other communications protocols discussed herein. In embodiments/aspects, the UEs 501 may directly exchange communication data via a ProSe interface 505. The ProSe interface 505 may alternatively be referred to as an SL interface 505 and may comprise one or more logical channels, including but not limited to a PSCCH, a PSSCH, a PSDCH, and a PSBCH.

The UE 501 b is shown to be configured to access an AP 506 (also referred to as “WLAN node 506,” “WLAN 506,” “WLAN Termination 506,” “WT 506” or the like) via connection 507. The connection 507 can comprise a local wireless connection, such as a connection consistent with any IEEE 802.11 protocol, wherein the AP 506 would comprise a wireless fidelity (Wi-Fi®) router. In this example, the AP 506 is shown to be connected to the Internet without connecting to the core network of the wireless system (described in further detail below). In various embodiments/aspects, the UE 501 b, RAN 510, and AP 506 may be configured to utilize LWA operation and/or LWIP operation. The LWA operation may involve the UE 501 b in RRC_CONNECTED being configured by a RAN node 511 a-b to utilize radio resources of LTE and WLAN. LWIP operation may involve the UE 501 b using WLAN radio resources (e.g., connection 507) via IPsec protocol tunneling to authenticate and encrypt packets (e.g., IP packets) sent over the connection 507. IPsec tunneling may include encapsulating the entirety of original IP packets and adding a new packet header, thereby protecting the original header of the IP packets.

The RAN 510 can include one or more AN nodes or RAN nodes 511 a and 511 b (collectively referred to as “RAN nodes 511” or “RAN node 511”) that enable the connections 503 and 504. As used herein, the terms “access node,” “access point,” or the like may describe equipment that provides the radio baseband functions for data and/or voice connectivity between a network and one or more users. These access nodes can be referred to as BS, gNBs, RAN nodes, eNBs, NodeBs, RSUs, TRxPs or TRPs, and so forth, and can comprise ground stations (e.g., terrestrial access points) or satellite stations providing coverage within a geographic area (e.g., a cell). As used herein, the term “NG RAN node” or the like may refer to a RAN node 511 that operates in an NR or 5G system 500 (for example, a gNB), and the term “E-UTRAN node” or the like may refer to a RAN node 511 that operates in an LTE or 4G system 500 (e.g., an eNB). According to various embodiments/aspects, the RAN nodes 511 may be implemented as one or more of a dedicated physical device such as a macrocell base station, and/or a low power (LP) base station for providing femtocells, picocells or other like cells having smaller coverage areas, smaller user capacity, or higher bandwidth compared to macrocells.

In some embodiments/aspects, all or parts of the RAN nodes 511 may be implemented as one or more software entities running on server computers as part of a virtual network, which may be referred to as a CRAN and/or a virtual baseband unit pool (vBBUP). In these embodiments/aspects, the CRAN or vBBUP may implement a RAN function split, such as a PDCP split wherein RRC and PDCP layers are operated by the CRAN/vBBUP and other L2 protocol entities are operated by individual RAN nodes 511; a MAC/PHY split wherein RRC, PDCP, RLC, and MAC layers are operated by the CRAN/vBBUP and the PHY layer is operated by individual RAN nodes 511; or a “lower PHY” split wherein RRC, PDCP, RLC, MAC layers and upper portions of the PHY layer are operated by the CRAN/vBBUP and lower portions of the PHY layer are operated by individual RAN nodes 511. This virtualized framework allows the freed-up processor cores of the RAN nodes 511 to perform other virtualized applications. In some implementations, an individual RAN node 511 may represent individual gNB-DUs that are connected to a gNB-CU via individual F1 interfaces (not shown by FIG. 5). In these implementations, the gNB-DUs may include one or more remote radio heads or RFEMs (see, e.g., FIG. 8), and the gNB-CU may be operated by a server that is located in the RAN 510 (not shown) or by a server pool in a similar manner as the CRAN/vBBUP. Additionally or alternatively, one or more of the RAN nodes 511 may be next generation eNBs (ng-eNBs), which are RAN nodes that provide E-UTRA user plane and control plane protocol terminations toward the UEs 501, and are connected to a 5GC (e.g., CN 720 of FIG. 7) via an NG interface (discussed infra).

In V2X scenarios, one or more of the RAN nodes 511 may be or act as RSUs. The term “Road Side Unit” or “RSU” may refer to any transportation infrastructure entity used for V2X communications. An RSU may be implemented in or by a suitable RAN node or a stationary (or relatively stationary) UE, where an RSU implemented in or by a UE may be referred to as a “UE-type RSU,” an RSU implemented in or by an eNB may be referred to as an “eNB-type RSU,” an RSU implemented in or by a gNB may be referred to as a “gNB-type RSU,” and the like. In one example, an RSU is a computing device coupled with radio frequency circuitry located on a roadside that provides connectivity support to passing vehicle UEs 501 (vUEs 501). The RSU may also include internal data storage circuitry to store intersection map geometry, traffic statistics, media, as well as applications/software to sense and control ongoing vehicular and pedestrian traffic. The RSU may operate on the 5.9 GHz Direct Short Range Communications (DSRC) band to provide very low latency communications required for high-speed events, such as crash avoidance, traffic warnings, and the like. Additionally or alternatively, the RSU may operate on the cellular V2X band to provide the aforementioned low latency communications, as well as other cellular communications services. Additionally, or alternatively, the RSU may operate as a Wi-Fi hotspot (2.4 GHz band) and/or provide connectivity to one or more cellular networks to provide uplink and downlink communications. The computing device(s) and some or all of the radiofrequency circuitry of the RSU may be packaged in a weatherproof enclosure suitable for outdoor installation and may include a network interface controller to provide a wired connection (e.g., Ethernet) to a traffic signal controller and/or a backhaul network.

Any of the RAN nodes 511 can terminate the air interface protocol and can be the first point of contact for the UEs 501. In some embodiments/aspects, any of the RAN nodes 511 can fulfill various logical functions for the RAN 510 including, but not limited to, the radio network controller (RNC) functions such as radio bearer management, uplink and downlink dynamic radio resource management and data packet scheduling, and mobility management.

In embodiments/aspects, the UEs 501 can be configured to communicate using OFDM communication signals with each other or with any of the RAN nodes 511 over a multicarrier communication channel in accordance with various communication techniques, such as but not limited to, an OFDMA communication technique (e.g., for downlink communications) or a SC-FDMA communication technique (e.g., for uplink and ProSe or sidelink communications), although the scope of the embodiments/aspects is not limited in this respect. The OFDM signals can comprise a plurality of orthogonal subcarriers.

In some embodiments/aspects, a downlink resource grid can be used for downlink transmissions from any of the RAN nodes 511 to the UEs 501, while uplink transmissions can utilize similar techniques. The grid can be a time-frequency grid, called a resource grid or time-frequency resource grid, which is the physical resource in the downlink in each slot. Such a time-frequency plane representation is a common practice for OFDM systems, which makes it intuitive for radio resource allocation. Each column and each row of the resource grid corresponds to one OFDM symbol and one OFDM subcarrier, respectively. The duration of the resource grid in the time domain corresponds to one slot in a radio frame. The smallest time-frequency unit in a resource grid is denoted as a resource element. Each resource grid comprises a number of resource blocks, which describe the mapping of certain physical channels to resource elements. Each resource block comprises a collection of resource elements; in the frequency domain, this may represent the smallest quantity of resources that currently can be allocated. There are several different physical downlink channels that are conveyed using such resource blocks.

According to various embodiments/aspects, the UEs 501 and the RAN nodes 511 communicate data (for example, transmit and receive) data over a licensed medium (also referred to as the “licensed spectrum” and/or the “licensed band”) and an unlicensed shared medium (also referred to as the “unlicensed spectrum” and/or the “unlicensed band”). The licensed spectrum may include channels that operate in the frequency range of approximately 400 MHz to approximately 3.8 GHz, whereas the unlicensed spectrum may include the 5 GHz band.

To operate in the unlicensed spectrum, the UEs 501 and the RAN nodes 511 may operate using LAA, eLAA, and/or feLAA mechanisms. In these implementations, the UEs 501 and the RAN nodes 511 may perform one or more known medium-sensing operations and/or carrier-sensing operations in order to determine whether one or more channels in the unlicensed spectrum is unavailable or otherwise occupied prior to transmitting in the unlicensed spectrum. The medium/carrier sensing operations may be performed according to a listen-before-talk (LBT) protocol.

LBT is a mechanism whereby equipment (for example, UEs 501 RAN nodes 511, etc.) senses a medium (for example, a channel or carrier frequency) and transmits when the medium is sensed to be idle (or when a specific channel in the medium is sensed to be unoccupied). The medium sensing operation may include CCA, which utilizes at least ED to determine the presence or absence of other signals on a channel in order to determine if a channel is occupied or clear. This LBT mechanism allows cellular/LAA networks to coexist with incumbent systems in the unlicensed spectrum and with other LAA networks. ED may include sensing RF energy across an intended transmission band for a period of time and comparing the sensed RF energy to a predefined or configured threshold.

Typically, the incumbent systems in the 5 GHz band are WLANs based on IEEE 802.11 technologies. WLAN employs a contention-based channel access mechanism, called CSMA/CA. Here, when a WLAN node (e.g., a mobile station (MS) such as UE 501, AP 506, or the like) intends to transmit, the WLAN node may first perform CCA before transmission. Additionally, a backoff mechanism is used to avoid collisions in situations where more than one WLAN node senses the channel as idle and transmits at the same time. The backoff mechanism may be a counter that is drawn randomly within the CWS, which is increased exponentially upon the occurrence of collision and reset to a minimum value when the transmission succeeds. The LBT mechanism designed for LAA is somewhat similar to the CSMA/CA of WLAN. In some implementations, the LBT procedure for DL or UL transmission bursts, including PDSCH or PUSCH transmissions, respectively, may have an LAA contention window that is variable in length between X and Y ECCA slots, where X and Y are minimum and maximum values for the CWSs for LAA. In one example, the minimum CWS for an LAA transmission may be 9 microseconds (μs); however, the size of the CWS and an MCOT (for example, a transmission burst) may be based on governmental regulatory requirements.

The LAA mechanisms are built upon CA technologies of LTE-Advanced systems. In CA, each aggregated carrier is referred to as a CC. A CC may have a bandwidth of 1.4, 3, 5, 10, 15, or 20 MHz, and a maximum of five CCs can be aggregated, and therefore, a maximum aggregated bandwidth is 100 MHz. In FDD systems, the number of aggregated carriers can be different for DL and UL, where the number of UL CCs is equal to or lower than the number of DL component carriers. In some cases, individual CCs can have a different bandwidth than other CCs. In TDD systems, the number of CCs, as well as the bandwidths of each CC, is usually the same for DL and UL.

CA also comprises individual serving cells to provide individual CCs. The coverage of the serving cells may differ, for example, because CCs on different frequency bands will experience different pathloss. A primary service cell or PCell may provide a PCC for both UL and DL and may handle RRC and NAS related activities. The other serving cells are referred to as SCells, and each SCell may provide an individual SCC for both UL and DL. The SCCs may be added and removed as required, while changing the PCC may require the UE 501 to undergo a handover. In LAA, eLAA, and feLAA, some or all of the SCells may operate in the unlicensed spectrum (referred to as “LAA SCells”), and the LAA SCells are assisted by a PCell operating in the licensed spectrum. When a UE is configured with more than one LAA SCell, the UE may receive UL grants on the configured LAA SCells, indicating different PUSCH starting positions within the same subframe.

The PDSCH carries user data and higher-layer signaling to the UEs 501. The PDCCH carries information about the transport format and resource allocations related to the PDSCH channel, among other things. It may also inform the UEs 501 about the transport format, resource allocation, and HARQ information related to the uplink shared channel. Typically, downlink scheduling (assigning control and shared channel resource blocks to the UE 501 b within a cell) may be performed at any of the RAN nodes 511 based on channel quality information fed back from any of the UEs 501. The downlink resource assignment information may be sent on the PDCCH used for (e.g., assigned to) each of the UEs 501.

The PDCCH uses CCEs to convey the control information. Before being mapped to resource elements, the PDCCH complex-valued symbols may first be organized into quadruplets, which may then be permuted using a sub-block interleaved for rate matching. Each PDCCH may be transmitted using one or more of these CCEs, where each CCE may correspond to nine sets of four physical resource elements known as REGs. Four Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK) symbols may be mapped to each REG. The PDCCH can be transmitted using one or more CCEs, depending on the size of the DCI and the channel condition. There can be four or more different PDCCH formats defined in LTE with different numbers of CCEs (e.g., aggregation level, L=1, 2, 4, or 8).

Some embodiments/aspects may use concepts for resource allocation for control channel information that are an extension of the above-described concepts. For example, some embodiments/aspects may utilize an EPDCCH that uses PDSCH resources for control information transmission. The EPDCCH may be transmitted using one or more ECCEs. Similar to above, each ECCE may correspond to nine sets of four physical resource elements known as EREGs. An ECCE may have other numbers of EREGs in some situations.

The RAN nodes 511 may be configured to communicate with one another via interface 512. In embodiments/aspects where the system 500 is an LTE system (e.g., when CN 520 is an EPC 620 as in FIG. 6), the interface 512 may be an X2 interface 512. The X2 interface may be defined between two or more RAN nodes 511 (e.g., two or more eNBs and the like) that connect to EPC 520, and/or between two eNBs connecting to EPC 520. In some implementations, the X2 interface may include an X2 user plane interface (X2-U) and an X2 control plane interface (X2-C). The X2-U may provide flow control mechanisms for user data packets transferred over the X2 interface and may be used to communicate information about the delivery of user data between eNBs. For example, the X2-U may provide specific sequence number information for user data transferred from a MeNB to a SeNB; information about successful in-sequence delivery of PDCP PDUs to a UE 501 from an SeNB for user data; information of PDCP PDUs that were not delivered to a UE 501; information about a current minimum desired buffer size at the SeNB for transmitting to the UE user data; and the like. The X2-C may provide intra-LTE access mobility functionality, including context transfers from source to target eNBs, user plane transport control, etc., load management functionality, as well as inter-cell interference coordination functionality.

In embodiments/aspects where the system 500 is a 5G or NR system (e.g., when CN 520 is a 5GC 720 as in FIG. 7), the interface 512 may be an Xn interface 512. The Xn interface is defined between two or more RAN nodes 511 (e.g., two or more gNBs and the like) that connect to 5GC 520, between a RAN node 511 (e.g., a gNB) connecting to 5GC 520 and an eNB, and/or between two eNBs connecting to 5GC 520. In some implementations, the Xn interface may include an Xn user plane (Xn-U) interface and an Xn control plane (Xn-C) interface. The Xn-U may provide non-guaranteed delivery of user plane PDUs and support/provide data forwarding and flow control functionality. The Xn-C may provide management and error handling functionality, functionality to manage the Xn-C interface, mobility support for UE 501 in a connected mode (e.g., CM-CONNECTED) including functionality to manage the UE mobility for connected mode between one or more RAN nodes 511. The mobility support may include context transfer from an old (source) serving RAN node 511 to new (target) serving RAN node 511, and control of user plane tunnels between old (source) serving RAN node 511 to new (target) serving RAN node 511. A protocol stack of the Xn-U may include a transport network layer built on Internet Protocol (IP) transport layer and a GTP-U layer on top of a UDP and/or IP layer(s) to carry user plane PDUs. The Xn-C protocol stack may include an application layer signaling protocol (referred to as Xn Application Protocol (Xn-AP)) and a transport network layer that is built on SCTP. The SCTP may be on top of an IP layer and may provide the guaranteed delivery of application layer messages. In the transport IP layer, the point-to-point transmission is used to deliver the signaling PDUs. In other implementations, the Xn-U protocol stack and/or the Xn-C protocol stack may be the same or similar to the user plane and/or control plane protocol stack(s) shown and described herein.

The RAN 510 is shown to be communicatively coupled to a core network—in this embodiment, a core network (CN) 520. The CN 520 may comprise a plurality of network elements 522, which are configured to offer various data and telecommunications services to customers/subscribers (e.g., users of UEs 501) who are connected to the CN 520 via the RAN 510. The components of the CN 520 may be implemented in one physical node or separate physical nodes, including components to read and execute instructions from a machine-readable or computer-readable medium (e.g., a non-transitory machine-readable storage medium). In some embodiments/aspects, NFV may be utilized to virtualize any or all of the above-described network node functions via executable instructions stored in one or more computer-readable storage mediums (described in further detail below). A logical instantiation of the CN 520 may be referred to as a network slice, and a logical instantiation of a portion of the CN 520 may be referred to as a network sub-slice. NFV architectures and infrastructures may be used to virtualize one or more network functions, alternatively performed by proprietary hardware, onto physical resources comprising a combination of industry-standard server hardware, storage hardware, or switches. In other words, NFV systems can be used to execute virtual or reconfigurable implementations of one or more EPC components/functions.

Generally, the application server 530 may be an element offering applications that use IP bearer resources with the core network (e.g., UMTS PS domain, LTE PS data services, etc.). The application server 530 can also be configured to support one or more communication services (e.g., VoIP sessions, PTT sessions, group communication sessions, social networking services, etc.) for the UEs 501 via the EPC 520.

In embodiments/aspects, the CN 520 may be a 5GC (referred to as “5GC 520” or the like), and the RAN 510 may be connected with the CN 520 via an NG interface 513. In embodiments/aspects, the NG interface 513 may be split into two parts, an NG user plane (NG-U) interface 514, which carries traffic data between the RAN nodes 511 and a UPF, and the S1 control plane (NG-C) interface 515, which is a signaling interface between the RAN nodes 511 and AMFs. Embodiments/aspects where the CN 520 is a 5GC 520 are discussed in more detail with regard to FIG. 7.

In embodiments/aspects, the CN 520 may be a 5G CN (referred to as “5GC 520” or the like), while in other embodiments/aspects, the CN 520 may be an EPC). Where CN 520 is an EPC (referred to as “EPC 520” or the like), the RAN 510 may be connected with the CN 520 via an S1 interface 513. In embodiments/aspects, the S1 interface 513 may be split into two parts, an S1 user plane (S1-U) interface 514, which carries traffic data between the RAN nodes 511 and the S-GW, and the S1-MME interface 515, which is a signaling interface between the RAN nodes 511 and MMEs. An example architecture wherein the CN 520 is an EPC 520 is shown in FIG. 6.

FIG. 6 illustrates an example architecture of a system 600, including a first CN 620, in accordance with various embodiments/aspects. In this example, system 600 may implement the LTE standard wherein the CN 620 is an EPC 620 that corresponds with CN 520 of FIG. 5. Additionally, the UE 601 may be the same or similar to the UEs 501 of FIG. 5, and the E-UTRAN 610 may be a RAN that is the same or similar to the RAN 510 of FIG. 5, and which may include RAN nodes 511 discussed previously. The CN 620 may comprise MMEs 621, an S-GW 622, a P-GW 623, an HSS 624, and an SGSN 625.

The MMEs 621 may be similar in function to the control plane of legacy SGSN and may implement MM functions to keep track of the current location of a UE 601. The MMEs 621 may perform various MM procedures to manage mobility aspects in access, such as gateway selection and tracking area list management. MM (also referred to as “EPS MM” or “EMM” in E-UTRAN systems) may refer to all applicable procedures, methods, data storage, etc. that are used to maintain knowledge about a present location of the UE 601, provide user identity confidentiality, and/or perform other like services to users/subscribers. Each UE 601 and the MME 621 may include an MM or EMM sub-layer, and an MM context may be established in the UE 601 and the MME 621 when an attach procedure is successfully completed. The MM context may be a data structure or database object that stores MM-related information of the UE 601. The MMEs 621 may be coupled with the HSS 624 via an S6a reference point, coupled with the SGSN 625 via an S3 reference point, and coupled with the S-GW 622 via an S11 reference point.

The SGSN 625 may be a node that serves the UE 601 by tracking the location of an individual UE 601 and performing security functions. In addition, the SGSN 625 may perform Inter-EPC node signaling for mobility between 2G/3G and E-UTRAN 3GPP access networks; PDN and S-GW selection as specified by the MMEs 621; handling of UE 601 time zone functions as specified by the MMEs 621; and MME selection for handovers to E-UTRAN 3GPP access network. The S3 reference point between the MMEs 621 and the SGSN 625 may enable user and bearer information exchange for inter-3GPP access network mobility in idle and/or active states.

The HSS 624 may comprise a database for network users, including subscription-related information, to support the network entities' handling of communication sessions. The EPC 620 may comprise one or several HSSs 624, depending on the number of mobile subscribers, on the capacity of the equipment, on the organization of the network, etc. For example, the HSS 624 can provide support for routing/roaming, authentication, authorization, naming/addressing resolution, location dependencies, etc. An S6a reference point between the HSS 624 and the MMEs 621 may enable the transfer of subscription and authentication data for authenticating/authorizing user access to the EPC 620 between HSS 624 and the MMEs 621.

The S-GW 622 may terminate the S1 interface 513 (“S1-U” in FIG. 6) toward the RAN 610, and routes data packets between the RAN 610 and the EPC 620. In addition, the S-GW 622 may be a local mobility anchor point for inter-RAN node handovers and also may provide an anchor for inter-3GPP mobility. Other responsibilities may include lawful intercept, charging, and some policy enforcement. The S11 reference point between the S-GW 622 and the MMEs 621 may provide a control plane between the MMEs 621 and the S-GW 622. The S-GW 622 may be coupled with the P-GW 623 via an S5 reference point.

The P-GW 623 may terminate an SGi interface toward a PDN 630. The P-GW 623 may route data packets between the EPC 620 and external networks such as a network, including the application server 530 (alternatively referred to as an “AF”) via an IP interface 525 (see, e.g., FIG. 5). In embodiments/aspects, the P-GW 623 may be communicatively coupled to an application server (application server 530 of FIG. 5 or PDN 630 in FIG. 6) via an IP communications interface 525 (see, e.g., FIG. 5). The S5 reference point between the P-GW 623 and the S-GW 622 may provide user plane tunneling and tunnel management between the P-GW 623 and the S-GW 622. The S5 reference point may also be used for S-GW 622 relocation due to UE 601 mobility and if the S-GW 622 needs to connect to a non-collocated P-GW 623 for the required PDN connectivity. The P-GW 623 may further include a node for policy enforcement and charging data collection (e.g., PCEF (not shown)). Additionally, the SGi reference point between the P-GW 623 and the packet data network (PDN) 630 may be an operator external public, a private PDN, or an intra operator packet data network, for example, for provision of IMS services. The P-GW 623 may be coupled with a PCRF 626 via a Gx reference point.

PCRF 626 is the policy and charging control element of the EPC 620. In a non-roaming scenario, there may be a single PCRF 626 in the Home Public Land Mobile Network (HPLMN) associated with a UE 601's Internet Protocol Connectivity Access Network (IP-CAN) session. In a roaming scenario with a local breakout of traffic, there may be two PCRFs associated with a UE 601's IP-CAN session, a Home PCRF (H-PCRF) within an HPLMN and a Visited PCRF (V-PCRF) within a Visited Public Land Mobile Network (VPLMN). The PCRF 626 may be communicatively coupled to the application server 630 via the P-GW 623. The application server 630 may signal the PCRF 626 to indicate a new service flow and select the appropriate QoS and charging parameters. The PCRF 626 may provision this rule into a PCEF (not shown) with the appropriate TFT and QCI, which commences the QoS and charging as specified by the application server 630. The Gx reference point between the PCRF 626 and the P-GW 623 may allow for the transfer of QoS policy and charging rules from the PCRF 626 to PCEF in the P-GW 623. An Rx reference point may reside between the PDN 630 (or “AF 630”) and the PCRF 626.

FIG. 7 illustrates an architecture of a system 700, including a second CN 720 in accordance with various embodiments/aspects. The system 700 is shown to include a UE 701, which may be the same or similar to the UEs 501 and UE 601 discussed previously; a (R)AN 710, which may be the same or similar to the RAN 510 and RAN 610 discussed previously, and which may include RAN nodes 511 discussed previously; and a DN 703, which may be, for example, operator services, Internet access or 3rd party services; and a 5GC 720. The 5GC 720 may include an AUSF 722; an AMF 721; a SMF 724; a NEF 723; a PCF 726; a NRF 725; a UDM 727; an AF 728; a UPF 702; and a NSSF 729.

The UPF 702 may act as an anchor point for intra-RAT and inter-RAT mobility, an external PDU session point of interconnect to DN 703, and a branching point to support multi-homed PDU session. The UPF 702 may also perform packet routing and forwarding, perform packet inspection, enforce the user plane part of policy rules, lawfully intercept packets (UP collection), perform traffic usage reporting, perform QoS handling for a user plane (e.g., packet filtering, gating, UL/DL rate enforcement), perform Uplink Traffic verification (e.g., SDF to QoS flow mapping), transport level packet marking in the uplink and downlink, and perform downlink packet buffering and downlink data notification triggering. UPF 702 may include an uplink classifier to support routing traffic flows to a data network. The DN 703 may represent various network operator services, Internet access, or third party services. DN 703 may include, or be similar to, application server 530 discussed previously. The UPF 702 may interact with the SMF 724 via an N4 reference point between the SMF 724 and the UPF 702.

The AUSF 722 may store data for authentication of UE 701 and handle authentication-related functionality. The AUSF 722 may facilitate a common authentication framework for various access types. The AUSF 722 may communicate with the AMF 721 via an N12 reference point between the AMF 721, and the AUSF 722 and may communicate with the UDM 727 via an N13 reference point between the UDM 727 and the AUSF 722. Additionally, the AUSF 722 may exhibit a Nausf service-based interface.

The AMF 721 may be responsible for registration management (e.g., for registering UE 701, etc.), connection management, reachability management, mobility management, and lawful interception of AMF-related events, and access authentication and authorization. The AMF 721 may be a termination point for an N11 reference point between the AMF 721 and the SMF 724. The AMF 721 may provide transport for SM messages between the UE 701 and the SMF 724, and act as a transparent proxy for routing SM messages. AMF 721 may also provide transport for SMS messages between UE 701 and an SMSF (not shown in FIG. 7). AMF 721 may act as SEAF, which may include interaction with the AUSF 722 and the UE 701, receipt of an intermediate key that was established as a result of the UE 701 authentication process. Where USIM based authentication is used, the AMF 721 may retrieve the security material from the AUSF 722. AMF 721 may also include an SCM function, which receives a key from the SEA that it uses to derive access-network specific keys. Furthermore, AMF 721 may be a termination point of a RAN CP interface, which may include or be an N2 reference point between the (R)AN 710 and the AMF 721; and the AMF 721 may be a termination point of NAS (N1) signaling, and perform NAS ciphering and integrity protection.

AMF 721 may also support NAS signaling with a UE 701 over an N3 IWF interface. The N3IWF may be used to provide access to untrusted entities. N3IWF may be a termination point for the N2 interface between the (R)AN 710 and the AMF 721 for the control plane and may be a termination point for the N3 reference point between the (R)AN 710 and the UPF 702 for the user plane. As such, the AMF 721 may handle N2 signaling from the SMF 724 and the AMF 721 for PDU sessions and QoS, encapsulate/de-encapsulate packets for IPsec and N3 tunneling, mark N3 user-plane packets in the uplink, and enforce QoS corresponding to N3 packet marking taking into account QoS requirements associated with such marking received over N2. N3IWF may also relay uplink and downlink control-plane NAS signaling between the UE 701 and AMF 721 via an N1 reference point between the UE 701 and the AMF 721, and relay uplink and downlink user-plane packets between the UE 701 and UPF 702. The N3IWF also provides mechanisms for IPsec tunnel establishment with the UE 701. The AMF 721 may exhibit a Namf service-based interface and may be a termination point for an N14 reference point between two AMFs and an N17 reference point between the AMF 721 and a 5G-EIR (not shown by FIG. 7).

The UE 701 may need to register with the AMF 721 in order to receive network services. RM is used to register or deregister the UE 701 with the network (e.g., AMF 721), and establish a UE context in the network (e.g., AMF 721). The UE 701 may operate in an RM-REGISTERED state or an RM-DEREGISTERED state. In the RM-DEREGISTERED state, the UE 701 is not registered with the network, and the UE context in AMF 721 holds no valid location or routing information for the UE 701, so the UE 701 is not reachable by the AMF 721. In the RM-REGISTERED state, the UE 701 is registered with the network, and the UE context in AMF 721 may hold a valid location or routing information for the UE 701, so the UE 701 is reachable by the AMF 721. In the RM-REGISTERED state, the UE 701 may perform mobility Registration Update procedures, perform periodic Registration Update procedures triggered by expiration of the periodic update timer (e.g., to notify the network that the UE 701 is still active), and perform a Registration Update procedure to update UE capability information or to re-negotiate protocol parameters with the network, among others.

The AMF 721 may store one or more RM contexts for the UE 701, where each RM context is associated with specific access to the network. The RM context may be a data structure, database object, etc. that indicates or stores, inter alia, a registration state per access type, and the periodic update timer. The AMF 721 may also store a 5GC MM context that may be the same or similar to the (E)MM context discussed previously. In various embodiments/aspects, the AMF 721 may store a CE mode B Restriction parameter of the UE 701 in an associated MM context or RM context. The AMF 721 may also derive the value, when needed, from the UE's usage setting parameter already stored in the UE context (and/or MM/RM context).

CM may be used to establish and release a signaling connection between the UE 701 and the AMF 721 over the N1 interface. The signaling connection is used to enable NAS signaling exchange between the UE 701 and the CN 720 and comprises both the signaling connection between the UE and the AN (e.g., RRC connection or UE-N3IWF connection for non-3GPP access) and the N2 connection for the UE 701 between the AN (e.g., RAN 710) and the AMF 721. The UE 701 may operate in one of two CM states, CM-IDLE mode or CM-CONNECTED mode. When the UE 701 is operating in the CM-IDLE state/mode, the UE 701 may have no NAS signaling connection established with the AMF 721 over the N1 interface, and there may be (R)AN 710 signaling connection (e.g., N2 and/or N3 connections) for the UE 701. When the UE 701 is operating in the CM-CONNECTED state/mode, the UE 701 may have an established NAS signaling connection with the AMF 721 over the N1 interface, and there may be a (R)AN 710 signaling connection (e.g., N2 and/or N3 connections) for the UE 701. Establishment of an N2 connection between the (R)AN 710 and the AMF 721 may cause the UE 701 to transition from CM-IDLE mode to CM-CONNECTED mode, and the UE 701 may transition from the CM-CONNECTED mode to the CM-IDLE mode when N2 signaling between the (R)AN 710 and the AMF 721 is released.

The SMF 724 may be responsible for SM (e.g., session establishment, modify and release, including tunnel maintain between UPF and AN node); UE IP address allocation and management (including optional authorization); selection and control of UP function; configuring traffic steering at UPF to route traffic to proper destination; termination of interfaces toward policy control functions; controlling part of policy enforcement and QoS; lawful intercept (for SM events and interface to LI system); termination of SM parts of NAS messages; downlink data notification; initiating AN specific SM information, sent via AMF over N2 to AN; and determining SSC mode of a session. SM may refer to the management of a PDU session, and a PDU session or “session” may refer to a PDU connectivity service that provides or enables the exchange of PDUs between a UE 701 and a data network (DN) 703 identified by a Data Network Name (DNN). PDU sessions may be established upon UE 701 request, modified upon UE 701 and 5GC 720 request, and released upon UE 701 and 5GC 720 request using NAS SM signaling exchanged over the N1 reference point between the UE 701 and the SMF 724. Upon request from an application server, the 5GC 720 may trigger a specific application in the UE 701. In response to receipt of the trigger message, the UE 701 may pass the trigger message (or relevant parts/information of the trigger message) to one or more identified applications in the UE 701. The identified application(s) in the UE 701 may establish a PDU session to a specific DNN. The SMF 724 may check whether the UE 701 requests are compliant with user subscription information associated with the UE 701. In this regard, the SMF 724 may retrieve and/or request to receive update notifications on SMF 724 level subscription data from the UDM 727.

The SMF 724 may include the following roaming functionality: handling local enforcement to apply QoS SLAB (VPLMN); charging data collection and charging interface (VPLMN); lawful intercept (in VPLMN for SM events and interface to LI system); and support for interaction with external DN for transport of signaling for PDU session authorization/authentication by external DN. An N16 reference point between two SMFs may be included in the system 700, which may be between another SMF 724 in a visited network and the SMF 724 in the home network in roaming scenarios. Additionally, the SMF 724 may exhibit the Nsmf service-based interface.

The NEF 723 may provide means for securely exposing the services and capabilities provided by 3GPP network functions for third party, internal exposure/re-exposure, Application Functions (e.g., AF 728), edge computing or fog computing systems, etc. In such embodiments/aspects, the NEF 723 may authenticate, authorize, and/or throttle the AFs. NEF 723 may also translate information exchanged with the AF 728 and information exchanged with internal network functions. For example, the NEF 723 may translate between an AF-Service-Identifier and an internal 5GC information. NEF 723 may also receive information from other network functions (NFs) based on the exposed capabilities of other network functions. This information may be stored at the NEF 723 as structured data, or at a data storage NF using standardized interfaces. The stored information can then be re-exposed by the NEF 723 to other NFs and AFs, and/or used for other purposes such as analytics. Additionally, the NEF 723 may exhibit a Nnef service-based interface.

The NRF 725 may support service discovery functions, receive NF discovery requests from NF instances, and provide the information of the discovered NF instances to the NF instances. NRF 725 also maintains information of available NF instances and their supported services. As used herein, the terms “instantiate,” “instantiation,” and the like may refer to the creation of an instance, and an “instance” may refer to a concrete occurrence of an object, which may occur, for example, during the execution of program code. Additionally, the NRF 725 may exhibit the Nnrf service-based interface.

The PCF 726 may provide policy rules to control plane function(s) to enforce them and may also support a unified policy framework to govern network behavior. The PCF 726 may also implement an FE to access subscription information relevant for policy decisions in a UDR of the UDM 727. The PCF 726 may communicate with the AMF 721 via an N15 reference point between the PCF 726 and the AMF 721, which may include a PCF 726 in a visited network and the AMF 721 in case of roaming scenarios. The PCF 726 may communicate with the AF 728 via an N5 reference point between the PCF 726 and the AF 728, and with the SMF 724 via an N7 reference point between the PCF 726 and the SMF 724. The system 700 and/or CN 720 may also include an N24 reference point between the PCF 726 (in the home network) and a PCF 726 in a visited network. Additionally, the PCF 726 may exhibit an Npcf service-based interface.

The UDM 727 may handle subscription-related information to support the network entities' handling of communication sessions and may store subscription data of UE 701. For example, subscription data may be communicated between the UDM 727 and the AMF 721 via an N8 reference point between the UDM 727 and the AMF. The UDM 727 may include two parts, an application FE and a UDR (the FE and UDR are not shown in FIG. 7). The UDR may store subscription data and policy data for the UDM 727 and the PCF 726, and/or structured data for exposure and application data (including PFDs for application detection, application request information for multiple UEs 701) for the NEF 723. The Nudr service-based interface may be exhibited by the UDR 221 to allow the UDM 727, PCF 726, and NEF 723 to access a particular set of the stored data, as well as to read, update (e.g., add, modify), delete, and subscribe to notification of relevant data changes in the UDR. The UDM may include a UDM-FE, which is in charge of processing credentials, location management, subscription management, and so on. Several different front ends may serve the same user in different transactions. The UDM-FE accesses subscription information stored in the UDR and performs authentication credential processing, user identification handling, access authorization, registration/mobility management, and subscription management. The UDR may interact with the SMF 724 via an N10 reference point between the UDM 727 and the SMF 724. UDM 727 may also support SMS management, wherein SMS-FE implements a similar application logic, as discussed previously. Additionally, the UDM 727 may exhibit the Nudm service-based interface.

The AF 728 may provide application influence on traffic routing, provide access to the NCE, and interact with the policy framework for policy control. The NCE may be a mechanism that allows the 5GC 720 and AF 728 to provide information to each other via NEF 723, which may be used for edge computing implementations. In such implementations, the network operator and third party services may be hosted close to the UE 701 access point of attachment to achieve an efficient service delivery through the reduced end-to-end latency and load on the transport network. For edge computing implementations, the 5GC may select a UPF 702 close to the UE 701 and execute traffic steering from the UPF 702 to DN 703 via the N6 interface. This may be based on the UE subscription data, UE location, and information provided by the AF 728. In this way, the AF 728 may influence UPF (re)selection and traffic routing. Based on operator deployment, when AF 728 is considered to be a trusted entity, the network operator may permit AF 728 to interact directly with relevant NFs. Additionally, the AF 728 may exhibit a Naf service-based interface.

The NSSF 729 may select a set of network slice instances serving the UE 701. The NSSF 729 may also determine allowed NSSAI and the mapping to the subscribed S-NSSAIs if needed. The NSSF 729 may also determine the AMF set to be used to serve the UE 701, or a list of candidate AMF(s) 721 based on a suitable configuration and possibly by querying the NRF 725. The selection of a set of network slice instances for the UE 701 may be triggered by the AMF 721 with which the UE 701 is registered by interacting with the NSSF 729, which may lead to a change of AMF 721. The NSSF 729 may interact with the AMF 721 via an N22 reference point between AMF 721 and NSSF 729 and may communicate with another NSSF 729 in a visited network via an N31 reference point (not shown by FIG. 7). Additionally, the NSSF 729 may exhibit an Nnssf service-based interface.

As discussed previously, the CN 720 may include an SMSF, which may be responsible for SMS subscription checking and verification, and relaying SM messages to/from the UE 701 to/from other entities, such as an SMS-GMSC/IWMSC/SMS-router. The SMS may also interact with AMF 721 and UDM 727 for a notification procedure that the UE 701 is available for SMS transfer (e.g., set a UE not reachable flag and notifying UDM 727 when UE 701 is available for SMS).

The CN 120 may also include other elements that are not shown in FIG. 7, such as a Data Storage system/architecture, a 5G-EIR, a SEPP, and the like. The Data Storage system may include an SDSF, a UDSF, and/or the like. Any NF may store and retrieve unstructured data into/from the UDSF (e.g., UE contexts), via N18 reference point between any NF and the UDSF (not shown by FIG. 7). Individual NFs may share a UDSF for storing their respective unstructured data, or individual NFs may each have their own UDSF located at or near the individual NFs. Additionally, the UDSF may exhibit a Nudsf service-based interface (not shown in FIG. 7). The 5G-EIR may be an NF that checks the status of PEI for determining whether particular equipment/entities are blacklisted from the network, and the SEPP may be a non-transparent proxy that performs topology hiding, message filtering, and policing on inter-PLMN control plane interfaces.

Additionally, there may be many more reference points and/or service-based interfaces between the NF services in the NFs; however, these interfaces and reference points have been omitted from FIG. 7 for clarity. In one example, the CN 720 may include an Nx interface, which is an inter-CN interface between the MME (e.g., MME 621) and the AMF 721 in order to enable interworking between CN 720 and CN 620. Other example interfaces/reference points may include an N5g-EIR service-based interface exhibited by a 5G-EIR, an N27 reference point between the NRF in the visited network and the NRF in the home network; and an N31 reference point between the NSSF in the visited network and the NSSF in the home network.

FIG. 8 illustrates an example of infrastructure equipment 800 in accordance with various embodiments/aspects. The infrastructure equipment 800 (or “system 800”) may be implemented as a base station, radio head, RAN node such as the RAN nodes 511 and/or AP 506 shown and described previously, application server(s) 530, and/or any other element/device discussed herein. In other examples, the system 800 could be implemented in or by a UE.

The system 800 includes application circuitry 805, baseband circuitry 810, one or more radio front end modules (RFEMs) 815, memory circuitry 820, power management integrated circuitry (PMIC) 825, power tee circuitry 830, network controller circuitry 835, network interface connector 840, satellite positioning circuitry 845, and user interface 850. In some embodiments/aspects, the device 800 may include additional elements such as, for example, memory/storage, display, camera, sensor, or input/output (I/O) interface. In other embodiments/aspects, the components described below may be included in more than one device. For example, said circuitries may be separately included in more than one device for CRAN, vBBU, or other like implementations.

Application circuitry 805 includes circuitry such as but not limited to one or more processors (or processor cores), cache memory, and one or more of low drop-out voltage regulators (LDOs), interrupt controllers, serial interfaces such as SPI, I²C or universal programmable serial interface module, real-time clock (RTC), timer-counters including interval and watchdog timers, general-purpose input/output (I/O or IO), memory card controllers such as Secure Digital (SD) MultiMediaCard (MMC) or similar, Universal Serial Bus (USB) interfaces, Mobile Industry Processor Interface (MIPI) interfaces and Joint Test Access Group (JTAG) test access ports. The processors (or cores) of the application circuitry 805 may be coupled with or may include memory/storage elements and may be configured to execute instructions stored in the memory/storage to enable various applications or operating systems to run on the system 800. In some implementations, the memory/storage elements may be on-chip memory circuitry, which may include any suitable volatile and/or non-volatile memory, such as DRAM, SRAM, EPROM, EEPROM, Flash memory, solid-state memory, and/or any other type of memory device technology, such as those discussed herein.

The processor(s) of application circuitry 805 may include, for example, one or more processor cores (CPUs), one or more application processors, one or more graphics processing units (GPUs), one or more reduced instruction set computing (RISC) processors, one or more Acorn RISC Machine (ARM) processors, one or more complex instruction set computing (CISC) processors, one or more digital signal processors (DSP), one or more FPGAs, one or more PLDs, one or more ASICs, one or more microprocessors or controllers, or any suitable combination thereof. In some embodiments/aspects, the application circuitry 805 may comprise or may be a special-purpose processor/controller to operate according to the various embodiments/aspects herein. As examples, the processor(s) of application circuitry 805 may include one or more Intel Pentium®, Core®, or Xeon® processor(s); Advanced Micro Devices (AMD) Ryzen® processor(s), Accelerated Processing Units (APUs), or Epyc® processors; ARM-based processor(s) licensed from ARM Holdings, Ltd. such as the ARM Cortex-A family of processors and the ThunderX2® provided by Cavium™, Inc.; a MIPS-based design from MIPS Technologies, Inc. such as MIPS Warrior P-class processors; and/or the like. In some embodiments/aspects, the system 800 may not utilize application circuitry 805 and instead may include a special-purpose processor/controller to process IP data received from an EPC or 5GC, for example.

In some implementations, the application circuitry 805 may include one or more hardware accelerators, which may be microprocessors, programmable processing devices, or the like. The one or more hardware accelerators may include, for example, computer vision (CV) and/or deep learning (DL) accelerators. As examples, the programmable processing devices may be one or more a field-programmable devices (FPDs) such as field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) and the like; programmable logic devices (PLDs) such as complex PLDs (CPLDs), high-capacity PLDs (HCPLDs), and the like; ASICs such as structured ASICs and the like; programmable SoCs (PSoCs); and the like. In such implementations, the circuitry of application circuitry 805 may comprise logic blocks or logic fabric, and other interconnected resources that may be programmed to perform various functions, such as the procedures, methods, functions, etc. of the various embodiments/aspects discussed herein. In such embodiments/aspects, the circuitry of application circuitry 805 may include memory cells (e.g., erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM), electrically erasable programmable read-only memory (EEPROM), flash memory, static memory (e.g., static random access memory (SRAM), anti-fuses, etc.)) used to store logic blocks, logic fabric, data, etc. in look-up-tables (LUTs) and the like.

The baseband circuitry 810 may be implemented, for example, as a solder-down substrate, including one or more integrated circuits, a single packaged integrated circuit soldered to a main circuit board, or a multi-chip module containing two or more integrated circuits. The various hardware electronic elements of baseband circuitry 810 are discussed infra with regard to FIG. 10.

User interface circuitry 850 may include one or more user interfaces designed to enable user interaction with the system 800 or peripheral component interfaces designed to enable peripheral component interaction with the system 800. User interfaces may include, but are not limited to, one or more physical or virtual buttons (e.g., a reset button), one or more indicators (e.g., light-emitting diodes (LEDs)), a physical keyboard or keypad, a mouse, a touchpad, a touchscreen, speakers or other audio emitting devices, microphones, a printer, a scanner, a headset, a display screen or display device, etc. Peripheral component interfaces may include, but are not limited to, a non-volatile memory port, a universal serial bus (USB) port, an audio jack, a power supply interface, etc.

The radio front end modules (RFEMs) 815 may comprise a millimeter-wave (mmWave) RFEM and one or more sub-mmWave radio frequency integrated circuits (RFICs). In some implementations, the one or more sub-mmWave RFICs may be physically separated from the mmWave RFEM. The RFICs may include connections to one or more antennas or antenna arrays (see, e.g., antenna array 1011 of FIG. 10 infra), and the RFEM may be connected to multiple antennas. In alternative implementations, both mmWave and sub-mmWave radio functions may be implemented in the same physical RFEM 815, which incorporates both mmWave antennas and sub-mmWave.

The memory circuitry 820 may include one or more of volatile memory including dynamic random access memory (DRAM) and/or synchronous dynamic random access memory (SDRAM), and nonvolatile memory (NVM) including high-speed electrically erasable memory (commonly referred to as Flash memory), phase change random access memory (PRAM), magneto resistive random access memory (MRAM), etc., and may incorporate the three-dimensional (3D) cross-point (XPOINT) memories from Intel® and Micron®. Memory circuitry 820 may be implemented as one or more of solder down packaged integrated circuits, socketed memory modules, and plug-in memory cards.

The PMIC 825 may include voltage regulators, surge protectors, power alarm detection circuitry, and one or more backup power sources such as a battery or capacitor. The power alarm detection circuitry may detect one or more of brownout (under-voltage) and surge (over-voltage) conditions. The power tee circuitry 830 may provide for electrical power drawn from a network cable to provide both power supply and data connectivity to the infrastructure equipment 800 using a single cable.

The network controller circuitry 835 may provide connectivity to a network using a standard network interface protocol such as Ethernet, Ethernet over GRE Tunnels, Ethernet over Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS), or some other suitable protocol. Network connectivity may be provided to/from the infrastructure equipment 800 via network interface connector 840 using a physical connection, which may be electrical (commonly referred to as a “copper interconnect”), optical, or wireless. The network controller circuitry 835 may include one or more dedicated processors and/or FPGAs to communicate using one or more of the aforementioned protocols. In some implementations, the network controller circuitry 835 may include multiple controllers to provide connectivity to other networks using the same or different protocols.

The positioning circuitry 845 includes circuitry to receive and decode signals transmitted/broadcasted by a positioning network of a global navigation satellite system (GNSS). Examples of navigation satellite constellations (or GNSS) include United States' Global Positioning System (GPS), Russia's Global Navigation System (GLONASS), the European Union's Galileo system, China's BeiDou Navigation Satellite System, a regional navigation system or GNSS augmentation system (e.g., Navigation with Indian Constellation (NAVIC), Japan's Quasi-Zenith Satellite System (QZSS), France's Doppler Orbitography and Radio-positioning Integrated by Satellite (DORIS), etc.), or the like. The positioning circuitry 845 comprises various hardware elements (e.g., including hardware devices such as switches, filters, amplifiers, antenna elements, and the like to facilitate OTA communications) to communicate with components of a positioning network, such as navigation satellite constellation nodes. In some embodiments/aspects, the positioning circuitry 845 may include a Micro-Technology for Positioning, Navigation, and Timing (Micro-PNT) IC that uses a master timing clock to perform position tracking/estimation without GNSS assistance. The positioning circuitry 845 may also be part of or interact with, the baseband circuitry 810 and/or RFEMs 815 to communicate with the nodes and components of the positioning network. The positioning circuitry 845 may also provide position data and/or time data to the application circuitry 805, which may use the data to synchronize operations with various infrastructure (e.g., RAN nodes 511, etc.), or the like.

The components shown by FIG. 8 may communicate with one another using interface circuitry, which may include any number of bus and/or interconnect (IX) technologies such as industry-standard architecture (ISA), extended ISA (EISA), peripheral component interconnect (PCI), peripheral component interconnect extended (PCIx), PCI express (PCIe), or any number of other technologies. The bus/IX may be a proprietary bus, for example, used in an SoC based system. Other bus/IX systems may be included, such as an I²C interface, an SPI interface, point to point interfaces, and a power bus, among others.

FIG. 9 illustrates an example of a platform 900 (or “device 900”) in accordance with various embodiments/aspects. In embodiments/aspects, the computer platform 900 may be suitable for use as UEs 501, 601, 701, application servers 530, and/or any other element/device discussed herein. The platform 900 may include any combinations of the components shown in the example. The components of platform 900 may be implemented as integrated circuits (ICs), portions thereof, discrete electronic devices, or other modules, logic, hardware, software, firmware, or a combination thereof adapted in the computer platform 900, or as components otherwise incorporated within a chassis of a larger system. The block diagram of FIG. 9 is intended to show a high level view of components of the computer platform 900. However, some of the components shown may be omitted, additional components may be present, and a different arrangement of the components shown may occur in other implementations.

Application circuitry 905 includes circuitry such as but not limited to one or more processors (or processor cores), cache memory, and one or more of LDOs, interrupt controllers, serial interfaces such as SPI, I²C or universal programmable serial interface module, RTC, timer-counters including interval and watchdog timers, general-purpose I/O, memory card controllers such as SD MMC or similar, USB interfaces, MIPI interfaces, and JTAG test access ports. The processors (or cores) of the application circuitry 905 may be coupled with or may include memory/storage elements and may be configured to execute instructions stored in the memory/storage to enable various applications or operating systems to run on the system 900. In some implementations, the memory/storage elements may be on-chip memory circuitry, which may include any suitable volatile and/or non-volatile memory, such as DRAM, SRAM, EPROM, EEPROM, Flash memory, solid-state memory, and/or any other type of memory device technology, such as those discussed herein.

The processor(s) of application circuitry 805 may include, for example, one or more processor cores, one or more application processors, one or more GPUs, one or more RISC processors, one or more ARM processors, one or more CISC processors, one or more DSP, one or more FPGAs, one or more PLDs, one or more ASICs, one or more microprocessors or controllers, a multithreaded processor, an ultra-low voltage processor, an embedded processor, some other known processing element, or any suitable combination thereof. In some embodiments/aspects, the application circuitry 805 may comprise or may be a special-purpose processor/controller to operate according to the various embodiments/aspects herein.

As examples, the processor(s) of application circuitry 905 may include an Intel® Architecture Core™ based processor, such as a Quark™, an Atom™, an i3, an i5, an i7, or an MCU-class processor, or another such processor available from Intel® Corporation, Santa Clara, Calif. The processors of the application circuitry 905 may also be one or more of Advanced Micro Devices (AMD) Ryzen® processor(s) or Accelerated Processing Units (APUs); A5-A9 processor(s) from Apple® Inc., Snapdragon™ processor(s) from Qualcomm® Technologies, Inc., Texas Instruments, Inc.® Open Multimedia Applications Platform (OMAP)™ processor(s); a MIPS-based design from MIPS Technologies, Inc. such as MIPS Warrior M-class, Warrior I-class, and Warrior P-class processors; an ARM-based design licensed from ARM Holdings, Ltd., such as the ARM Cortex-A, Cortex-R, and Cortex-M family of processors; or the like. In some implementations, the application circuitry 905 may be a part of a system on a chip (SoC) in which the application circuitry 905 and other components are formed into a single integrated circuit, or a single package, such as the Edison™ or Galileo™ SoC boards from Intel® Corporation.

Additionally or alternatively, application circuitry 905 may include circuitry such as but not limited to, one or more a field-programmable devices (FPDs) such as FPGAs and the like; programmable logic devices (PLDs) such as complex PLDs (CPLDs), high-capacity PLDs (HCPLDs), and the like; ASICs such as structured ASICs and the like; programmable SoCs (PSoCs); and the like. In such embodiments/aspects, the circuitry of application circuitry 905 may comprise logic blocks or logic fabric, and other interconnected resources that may be programmed to perform various functions, such as the procedures, methods, functions, etc. of the various embodiments/aspects discussed herein. In such embodiments/aspects, the circuitry of application circuitry 905 may include memory cells (e.g., erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM), electrically erasable programmable read-only memory (EEPROM), flash memory, static memory (e.g., static random access memory (SRAM), anti-fuses, etc.)) used to store logic blocks, logic fabric, data, etc. in look-up tables (LUTs) and the like.

The baseband circuitry 910 may be implemented, for example, as a solder-down substrate, including one or more integrated circuits, a single packaged integrated circuit soldered to the main circuit board, or a multi-chip module containing two or more integrated circuits. The various hardware electronic elements of baseband circuitry 910 are discussed infra with regard to FIG. 10.

The RFEMs 915 may comprise a millimeter-wave (mmWave) RFEM and one or more sub-mmWave radio frequency integrated circuits (RFICs). In some implementations, the one or more sub-mmWave RFICs may be physically separated from the mmWave RFEM. The RFICs may include connections to one or more antennas or antenna arrays (see, e.g., antenna array 1011 of FIG. 10 infra), and the RFEM may be connected to multiple antennas. In alternative implementations, both mmWave and sub-mmWave radio functions may be implemented in the same physical RFEM 915, which incorporates both mmWave antennas and sub-mmWave.

The memory circuitry 920 may include any number and type of memory devices used to provide for a given amount of system memory. As examples, the memory circuitry 920 may include one or more of volatile memory including random access memory (RAM), dynamic RAM (DRAM) and/or synchronous dynamic RAM (SDRAM), and nonvolatile memory (NVM) including high-speed electrically erasable memory (commonly referred to as Flash memory), phase-change random access memory (PRAM), magneto resistive random access memory (MRAM), etc. The memory circuitry 920 may be developed in accordance with a Joint Electron Devices Engineering Council (JEDEC) low power double data rate (LPDDR)-based design, such as LPDDR2, LPDDR3, LPDDR4, or the like. Memory circuitry 920 may be implemented as one or more of solder down packaged integrated circuits, single die package (SDP), dual die package (DDP) or quad die package (Q17P), socketed memory modules, dual inline memory modules (DIMMs) including microDIMMs or MiniDIMMs, and/or soldered onto a motherboard via a ball grid array (BGA). In low power implementations, the memory circuitry 920 may be on-die memory or registers associated with the application circuitry 905. To provide for persistent storage of information such as data, applications, operating systems and so forth, memory circuitry 920 may include one or more mass storage devices, which may include, inter alia, a solid-state disk drive (SSDD), hard disk drive (HDD), a micro HDD, resistance change memories, phase change memories, holographic memories, or chemical memories, among others. For example, the computer platform 900 may incorporate the three-dimensional (3D) cross-point (XPOINT) memories from Intel® and Micron®.

Removable memory circuitry 923 may include devices, circuitry, enclosures/housings, ports or receptacles, etc. used to couple portable data storage devices with the platform 900. These portable data storage devices may be used for mass storage purposes, and may include, for example, flash memory cards (e.g., Secure Digital (SD) cards, microSD cards, xD picture cards, and the like), and USB flash drives, optical discs, external HDDs, and the like.

The platform 900 may also include interface circuitry (not shown) that is used to connect external devices with the platform 900. The external devices connected to the platform 900 via the interface circuitry include sensor circuitry 921 and electro-mechanical components (EMCs) 922, as well as removable memory devices coupled to removable memory circuitry 923.

The sensor circuitry 921 includes devices, modules, or subsystems whose purpose is to detect events or changes in its environment and send the information (sensor data) about the detected events to some other a device, module, subsystem, etc. Examples of such sensors include, inter alia, inertial measurement units (IMUs) comprising accelerometers, gyroscopes, and/or magnetometers; microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) or nanoelectromechanical systems (NEMS) comprising 3-axis accelerometers, 3-axis gyroscopes, and/or magnetometers; level sensors; flow sensors; temperature sensors (e.g., thermistors); pressure sensors; barometric pressure sensors; gravimeters; altimeters; image capture devices (e.g., cameras or lensless apertures); light detection and ranging (LiDAR) sensors; proximity sensors (e.g., infrared radiation detector and the like), depth sensors, ambient light sensors, ultrasonic transceivers; microphones or other like audio capture devices; etc.

EMCs 922 include devices, modules, or subsystems whose purpose is to enable platform 900 to change its state, position, and/or orientation, or move or control a mechanism or (sub)system. Additionally, EMCs 922 may be configured to generate and send messages/signaling to other components of the platform 900 to indicate a current state of the EMCs 922. Examples of the EMCs 922 include one or more power switches, relays including electromechanical relays (EMRs) and/or solid-state relays (SSRs), actuators (e.g., valve actuators, etc.), an audible sound generator, a visual warning device, motors (e.g., DC motors, stepper motors, etc.), wheels, thrusters, propellers, claws, clamps, hooks, and/or other like electro-mechanical components. In embodiments/aspects, platform 900 is configured to operate one or more EMCs 922 based on one or more captured events and/or instructions or control signals received from a service provider and/or various clients.

In some implementations, the interface circuitry may connect the platform 900 with positioning circuitry 945. The positioning circuitry 945 includes circuitry to receive and decode signals transmitted/broadcasted by a positioning network of a GNSS. Examples of navigation satellite constellations (or GNSS) include United States' GPS, Russia's GLONASS, the European Union's Galileo system, China's BeiDou Navigation Satellite System, a regional navigation system or GNSS augmentation system (e.g., NAVIC), Japan's QZSS, France's DORIS, etc.), or the like. The positioning circuitry 945 comprises various hardware elements (e.g., including hardware devices such as switches, filters, amplifiers, antenna elements, and the like to facilitate OTA communications) to communicate with components of a positioning network, such as navigation satellite constellation nodes. In some embodiments/aspects, the positioning circuitry 945 may include a Micro-PNT IC that uses a master timing clock to perform position tracking/estimation without GNSS assistance. The positioning circuitry 945 may also be part of or interact with, the baseband circuitry 810 and/or RFEMs 915 to communicate with the nodes and components of the positioning network. The positioning circuitry 945 may also provide position data and/or time data to the application circuitry 905, which may use the data to synchronize operations with various infrastructure (e.g., radio base stations), for turn-by-turn navigation applications, or the like

In some implementations, the interface circuitry may connect the platform 900 with Near-Field Communication (NFC) circuitry 940. NFC circuitry 940 is configured to provide contactless, short-range communications based on radio frequency identification (RFID) standards, wherein magnetic field induction is used to enable communication between NFC circuitry 940 and NFC-enabled devices external to the platform 900 (e.g., an “NFC touchpoint”). NFC circuitry 940 comprises an NFC controller coupled with an antenna element and a processor coupled with the NFC controller. The NFC controller may be a chip/IC providing NFC functionalities to the NFC circuitry 940 by executing NFC controller firmware and an NFC stack. The NFC stack may be executed by the processor to control the NFC controller, and the NFC controller firmware may be executed by the NFC controller to control the antenna element to emit short-range RF signals. The RF signals may power a passive NFC tag (e.g., a microchip embedded in a sticker or wristband) to transmit stored data to the NFC circuitry 940, or initiate data transfer between the NFC circuitry 940 and another active NFC device (e.g., a smartphone or an NFC-enabled POS terminal) that is proximate to the platform 900.

The driver circuitry 946 may include software and hardware elements that operate to control particular devices that are embedded in the platform 900, attached to the platform 900, or otherwise communicatively coupled with the platform 900. The driver circuitry 946 may include individual drivers allowing other components of the platform 900 to interact with or control various input/output (I/O) devices that may be present within, or connected to, the platform 900. For example, driver circuitry 946 may include a display driver to control and allow access to a display device, a touchscreen driver to control and allow access to a touchscreen interface of the platform 900, sensor drivers to obtain sensor readings of sensor circuitry 921 and control and allow access to sensor circuitry 921, EMC drivers to obtain actuator positions of the EMCs 922 and/or control and allow access to the EMCs 922, a camera driver to control and allow access to an embedded image capture device, audio drivers to control and allow access to one or more audio devices.

The power management integrated circuitry (PMIC) 925 (also referred to as “power management circuitry 925”) may manage power provided to various components of the platform 900. In particular, with respect to the baseband circuitry 910, the PMIC 925 may control power-source selection, voltage scaling, battery charging, or DC-to-DC conversion. The PMIC 925 may often be included when the platform 900 is capable of being powered by a battery 930, for example, when the device is included in a UE 501, 601, 701.

In some embodiments/aspects, the PMIC 925 may control, or otherwise be part of, various power-saving mechanisms of the platform 900. For example, if the platform 900 is in an RRC_Connected state, where it is still connected to the RAN node as it expects to receive traffic shortly, then it may enter a state known as Discontinuous Reception Mode (DRX) after a period of inactivity. During this state, the platform 900 may power down for brief intervals of time and thus save power. If there is no data traffic activity for an extended period of time, then the platform 900 may transition off to an RRC_Idle state, where it disconnects from the network and does not perform operations such as channel quality feedback, handover, etc. The platform 900 goes into a very low power state, and it performs paging where again it periodically wakes up to listen to the network and then powers down again. The platform 900 may not receive data in this state; in order to receive data, it must transition back to RRC_Connected state. An additional power-saving mode may allow a device to be unavailable to the network for periods longer than a paging interval (ranging from seconds to a few hours). During this time, the device is totally unreachable to the network and may power down completely. Any data sent during this time incurs a large delay, and it is assumed the delay is acceptable.

A battery 930 may power the platform 900, although, in some examples, the platform 900 may be mounted deployed in a fixed location, and may have a power supply coupled to an electrical grid. The battery 930 may be a lithium-ion battery, a metal-air battery, such as a zinc-air battery, an aluminum-air battery, a lithium-air battery, and the like. In some implementations, such as in V2X applications, the battery 930 may be a typical lead-acid automotive battery.

In some implementations, the battery 930 may be a “smart battery,” which includes or is coupled with a Battery Management System (BMS) or battery monitoring integrated circuitry. The BMS may be included in the platform 900 to track the state of charge (SoCh) of the battery 930. The BMS may be used to monitor other parameters of the battery 930 to provide failure predictions, such as the state of health (SoH) and the state of function (SoF) of the battery 930. The BMS may communicate the information of the battery 930 to the application circuitry 905 or other components of the platform 900. The BMS may also include an analog-to-digital (ADC) converter that allows the application circuitry 905 to directly monitor the voltage of the battery 930 or the current flow from the battery 930. The battery parameters may be used to determine actions that the platform 900 may perform, such as transmission frequency, network operation, sensing frequency, and the like.

A power block or other power supply coupled to an electrical grid may be coupled with the BMS to charge the battery 930. In some examples, the power block XS30 may be replaced with a wireless power receiver to obtain the power wirelessly, for example, through a loop antenna in the computer platform 900. In these examples, a wireless battery charging circuit may be included in the BMS. The specific charging circuits chosen may depend on the size of the battery 930, and thus, the current required. The charging may be performed using the Airfuel standard promulgated by the Airfuel Alliance, the Qi wireless charging standard promulgated by the Wireless Power Consortium, or the Rezence charging standard promulgated by the Alliance for Wireless Power, among others.

User interface circuitry 950 includes various input/output (I/O) devices present within, or connected to, the platform 900, and includes one or more user interfaces designed to enable user interaction with the platform 900 and/or peripheral component interfaces designed to enable peripheral component interaction with the platform 900. The user interface circuitry 950 includes input device circuitry and output device circuitry. Input device circuitry includes any physical or virtual means for accepting an input including, inter alia, one or more physical or virtual buttons (e.g., a reset button), a physical keyboard, keypad, mouse, touchpad, touchscreen, microphones, scanner, headset, and/or the like. The output device circuitry includes any physical or virtual means for showing information or otherwise conveying information, such as sensor readings, actuator position(s), or other like information. Output device circuitry may include any number and/or combinations of audio or visual display, including, inter alia, one or more simple visual outputs/indicators (e.g., binary status indicators (e.g., light-emitting diodes (LEDs)) and multi-character visual outputs, or more complex outputs such as display devices or touchscreens (e.g., Liquid Chrystal Displays (LCD), LED displays, quantum dot displays, projectors, etc.), with the output of characters, graphics, multimedia objects, and the like being generated or produced from the operation of the platform 900. The output device circuitry may also include speakers or other audio emitting devices, printer(s), and/or the like. In some embodiments/aspects, the sensor circuitry 921 may be used as the input device circuitry (e.g., an image capture device, motion capture device, or the like) and one or more EMCs may be used as the output device circuitry (e.g., an actuator to provide haptic feedback or the like). In another example, NFC circuitry comprising an NFC controller coupled with an antenna element and a processing device may be included to read electronic tags and/or connect with another NFC-enabled device. Peripheral component interfaces may include but are not limited to, a non-volatile memory port, a USB port, an audio jack, a power supply interface, etc.

Although not shown, the components of platform 900 may communicate with one another using a suitable bus or interconnect (IX) technology, which may include any number of technologies, including ISA, EISA, PCI, PCIx, PCIe, a Time-Trigger Protocol (TTP) system, a FlexRay system, or any number of other technologies. The bus/IX may be a proprietary bus/IX, for example, used in an SoC based system. Other bus/IX systems may be included, such as an I²C interface, an SPI interface, point-to-point interfaces, and a power bus, among others.

FIG. 10 illustrates example components of baseband circuitry 1010 and radio front end modules (RFEM) 1015 in accordance with various embodiments/aspects. The baseband circuitry 1010 corresponds to the baseband circuitry 810 and 910 of FIGS. 8 and 9, respectively. The RFEM 1015 corresponds to the RFEM 815 and 915 of FIGS. 8 and 9, respectively. As shown, the RFEMs 1015 may include Radio Frequency (RF) circuitry 1006, front-end module (FEM) circuitry 1008, antenna array 1011 coupled together at least as shown.

The baseband circuitry 1010 includes circuitry and/or control logic configured to carry out various radio/network protocol and radio control functions that enable communication with one or more radio networks via the RF circuitry 1006. The radio control functions may include but are not limited to, signal modulation/demodulation, encoding/decoding, radio frequency shifting, etc. In some embodiments/aspects, modulation/demodulation circuitry of the baseband circuitry 1010 may include Fast-Fourier Transform (FFT), precoding, or constellation mapping/demapping functionality. In some embodiments/aspects, encoding/decoding circuitry of the baseband circuitry 1010 may include convolution, tail-biting convolution, turbo, Viterbi, or Low-Density Parity Check (LDPC) encoder/decoder functionality. Embodiments/aspects of modulation/demodulation and encoder/decoder functionality are not limited to these examples and may include other suitable functionality in other embodiments/aspects. The baseband circuitry 1010 is configured to process baseband signals received from a receive signal path of the RF circuitry 1006 and to generate baseband signals for a transmit signal path of the RF circuitry 1006. The baseband circuitry 1010 is configured to interface with application circuitry 805/905 (see FIGS. 8 and 9) for generation and processing of the baseband signals and for controlling operations of the RF circuitry 1006. The baseband circuitry 1010 may handle various radio control functions.

The aforementioned circuitry and/or control logic of the baseband circuitry 1010 may include one or more single or multi-core processors. For example, the one or more processors may include a 3G baseband processor 1004A, a 4G/LTE baseband processor 1004B, a 5G/NR baseband processor 1004C, or some other baseband processor(s) 1004D for other existing generations, generations in development or to be developed in the future (e.g., sixth generation (6G), etc.). In other embodiments/aspects, some or all of the functionality of baseband processors 1004A-D may be included in modules stored in the memory 1004G and executed via a Central Processing Unit (CPU) 1004E. In other embodiments/aspects, some or all of the functionality of baseband processors 1004A-D may be provided as hardware accelerators (e.g., FPGAs, ASICs, etc.) loaded with the appropriate bitstreams or logic blocks stored in respective memory cells. In various embodiments/aspects, the memory 1004G may store program code of a real-time OS (RTOS), which when executed by the CPU 1004E (or other baseband processor), is to cause the CPU 1004E (or another baseband processor) to manage resources of the baseband circuitry 1010, schedule tasks, etc. Examples of the RTOS may include Operating System Embedded (OSE)™ provided by Enea®, Nucleus RTOS™ provided by Mentor Graphics®, Versatile Real-Time Executive (VRTX) provided by Mentor Graphics®, ThreadX™ provided by Express Logic®, FreeRTOS, REX OS provided by Qualcomm®, OKL4 provided by Open Kernel (OK) Labs®, or any other suitable RTOS, such as those discussed herein. In addition, the baseband circuitry 1010 includes one or more audio digital signal processor(s) (DSP) 1004F. The audio DSP(s) 1004F include elements for compression/decompression and echo cancellation and may include other suitable processing elements in other embodiments/aspects.

In some embodiments/aspects, each of the processors 1004A-1004E includes respective memory interfaces to send/receive data to/from the memory 1004G. The baseband circuitry 1010 may further include one or more interfaces to communicatively couple to other circuitries/devices, such as an interface to send/receive data to/from memory external to the baseband circuitry 1010, an application circuitry interface to send/receive data to/from the application circuitry 805/905 of FIGS. 8-10); an RF circuitry interface to send/receive data to/from RF circuitry 1006 of FIG. 10; a wireless hardware connectivity interface to send/receive data to/from one or more wireless hardware elements (e.g., Near Field Communication (NFC) components, Bluetooth®/Bluetooth® Low Energy components, Wi-Fi® components, and/or the like); and a power management interface to send/receive power or control signals to/from the PMIC 925.

In alternate embodiments/aspects (which may be combined with the above-described embodiments/aspects), baseband circuitry 1010 comprises one or more digital baseband systems, which are coupled with one another via an interconnect subsystem and to a CPU subsystem, an audio subsystem, and an interface subsystem. The digital baseband subsystems may also be coupled to a digital baseband interface, and a mixed-signal baseband subsystem via another interconnect subsystem. Each of the interconnect subsystems may include a bus system, point-to-point connections, network-on-chip (NOC) structures, and/or some other suitable bus or interconnect technology, such as those discussed herein. The audio subsystem may include DSP circuitry, buffer memory, program memory, speech processing accelerator circuitry, data converter circuitry such as analog-to-digital and digital-to-analog converter circuitry, analog circuitry including one or more of amplifiers and filters, and/or other like components. In an aspect of the present disclosure, baseband circuitry 1010 may include protocol processing circuitry with one or more instances of control circuitry (not shown) to provide control functions for the digital baseband circuitry and/or radiofrequency circuitry (e.g., the radio front end modules 1015).

Although not shown by FIG. 10, in some embodiments/aspects, the baseband circuitry 1010 includes individual processing device(s) to operate one or more wireless communication protocols (e.g., a “multi-protocol baseband processor” or “protocol processing circuitry”) and individual processing device(s) to implement PHY layer functions. In these embodiments/aspects, the PHY layer functions include the aforementioned radio control functions. In these embodiments/aspects, the protocol processing circuitry operates or implements various protocol layers/entities of one or more wireless communication protocols. In a first example, the protocol processing circuitry may operate LTE protocol entities and/or 5G/NR protocol entities when the baseband circuitry 1010 and/or RF circuitry 1006 are part of mmWave communication circuitry or some other suitable cellular communication circuitry. In the first example, the protocol processing circuitry would operate MAC, RLC, PDCP, SDAP, RRC, and NAS functions. In a second example, the protocol processing circuitry may operate one or more IEEE-based protocols when the baseband circuitry 1010 and/or RF circuitry 1006 are part of a Wi-Fi communication system. In the second example, the protocol processing circuitry would operate Wi-Fi MAC and logical link control (LLC) functions. The protocol processing circuitry may include one or more memory structures (e.g., 1004G) to store program code and data for operating the protocol functions, as well as one or more processing cores to execute the program code and perform various operations using the data. The baseband circuitry 1010 may also support radio communications for more than one wireless protocol.

The various hardware elements of the baseband circuitry 1010 discussed herein may be implemented, for example, as a solder-down substrate, including one or more integrated circuits (ICs), a single packaged IC soldered to the main circuit board or a multi-chip module containing two or more ICs. In one example, the components of the baseband circuitry 1010 may be suitably combined in a single chip or chipset or disposed on the same circuit board. In another example, some or all of the constituent components of the baseband circuitry 1010 and RF circuitry 1006 may be implemented together, such as, for example, a system on a chip (SoC) or System-in-Package (SiP). In another example, some or all of the constituent components of the baseband circuitry 1010 may be implemented as a separate SoC that is communicatively coupled with and RF circuitry 1006 (or multiple instances of RF circuitry 1006). In yet another example, some or all of the constituent components of the baseband circuitry 1010 and the application circuitry 805/905 may be implemented together as individual SoCs mounted to the same circuit board (e.g., a “multi-chip package”).

In some embodiments/aspects, the baseband circuitry 1010 may provide for communication compatible with one or more radio technologies. For example, in some embodiments/aspects, the baseband circuitry 1010 may support communication with an E-UTRAN or other WMAN, a WLAN, a WPAN. Embodiments/aspects in which the baseband circuitry 1010 is configured to support radio communications of more than one wireless protocol may be referred to as multi-mode baseband circuitry.

RF circuitry 1006 may enable communication with wireless networks using modulated electromagnetic radiation through a non-solid medium. In various embodiments/aspects, the RF circuitry 1006 may include switches, filters, amplifiers, etc. to facilitate communication with the wireless network. RF circuitry 1006 may include a receive signal path, which may include circuitry to down-convert RF signals received from the FEM circuitry 1008 and provide baseband signals to the baseband circuitry 1010. RF circuitry 1006 may also include a transmit signal path, which may include circuitry to up-convert baseband signals provided by the baseband circuitry 1010 and provide RF output signals to the FEM circuitry 1008 for transmission.

In some embodiments/aspects, the receive signal path of the RF circuitry 1006 may include mixer circuitry 1006 a, amplifier circuitry 1006 b, and filter circuitry 1006 c. In some embodiments/aspects, the transmit signal path of the RF circuitry 1006 may include filter circuitry 1006 c and mixer circuitry 1006 a. RF circuitry 1006 may also include synthesizer circuitry 1006 d for synthesizing a frequency for use by the mixer circuitry 1006 a of the receive signal path and the transmit signal path. In some embodiments/aspects, the mixer circuitry 1006 a of the receive signal path may be configured to down-convert RF signals received from the FEM circuitry 1008 based on the synthesized frequency provided by synthesizer circuitry 1006 d. The amplifier circuitry 1006 b may be configured to amplify the down-converted signals and the filter circuitry 1006 c may be a low-pass filter (LPF) or band-pass filter (BPF) configured to remove unwanted signals from the down-converted signals to generate output baseband signals. Output baseband signals may be provided to the baseband circuitry 1010 for further processing. In some embodiments/aspects, the output baseband signals may be zero-frequency baseband signals, although this is not a requirement. In some embodiments/aspects, mixer circuitry 1006 a of the receive signal path may comprise passive mixers, although the scope of the embodiments/aspects is not limited in this respect.

In some embodiments/aspects, the mixer circuitry 1006 a of the transmit signal path may be configured to up-convert input baseband signals based on the synthesized frequency provided by the synthesizer circuitry 1006 d to generate RF output signals for the FEM circuitry 1008. The baseband signals may be provided by the baseband circuitry 1010 and may be filtered by filter circuitry 1006 c.

In some embodiments/aspects, the mixer circuitry 1006 a of the receive signal path and the mixer circuitry 1006 a of the transmit signal path may include two or more mixers and may be arranged for quadrature downconversion and upconversion, respectively. In some embodiments/aspects, the mixer circuitry 1006 a of the receive signal path and the mixer circuitry 1006 a of the transmit signal path may include two or more mixers and may be arranged for image rejection (e.g., Hartley image rejection). In some embodiments/aspects, the mixer circuitry 1006 a of the receive signal path and the mixer circuitry 1006 a of the transmit signal path may be arranged for direct downconversion and direct upconversion, respectively. In some embodiments/aspects, the mixer circuitry 1006 a of the receive signal path and the mixer circuitry 1006 a of the transmit signal path may be configured for super-heterodyne operation.

In some embodiments/aspects, the output baseband signals and the input baseband signals may be analog baseband signals, although the scope of the embodiments/aspects is not limited in this respect. In some alternate embodiments/aspects, the output baseband signals and the input baseband signals may be digital baseband signals. In these alternate embodiments/aspects, the RF circuitry 1006 may include an analog-to-digital converter (ADC) and digital-to-analog converter (DAC) circuitry and the baseband circuitry 1010 may include a digital baseband interface to communicate with the RF circuitry 1006.

In some dual-mode embodiments/aspects, a separate radio IC circuitry may be provided for processing signals for each spectrum, although the scope of the embodiments/aspects is not limited in this respect.

In some embodiments/aspects, the synthesizer circuitry 1006 d may be a fractional-N synthesizer or a fractional N/N+1 synthesizer, although the scope of the embodiments/aspects is not limited in this respect as other types of frequency synthesizers may be suitable. For example, synthesizer circuitry 1006 d may be a delta-sigma synthesizer, a frequency multiplier, or a synthesizer comprising a phase-locked loop with a frequency divider.

The synthesizer circuitry 1006 d may be configured to synthesize an output frequency for use by the mixer circuitry 1006 a of the RF circuitry 1006 based on a frequency input and a divider control input. In some embodiments/aspects, the synthesizer circuitry 1006 d may be a fractional N/N+1 synthesizer.

In some embodiments/aspects, frequency input may be provided by a voltage controlled oscillator (VCO), although that is not a requirement. The divider control input may be provided by either the baseband circuitry 1010 or the application circuitry 805/905, depending on the desired output frequency. In some embodiments/aspects, a divider control input (e.g., N) may be determined from a look-up table based on a channel indicated by the application circuitry 805/905.

Synthesizer circuitry 1006 d of the RF circuitry 1006 may include a divider, a delay-locked loop (DLL), a multiplexer, and a phase accumulator. In some embodiments/aspects, the divider may be a dual modulus divider (DMD), and the phase accumulator may be a digital phase accumulator (DPA). In some embodiments/aspects, the DMD may be configured to divide the input signal by either N or N+1 (e.g., based on a carryout) to provide a fractional division ratio. In some example embodiments/aspects, the DLL may include a set of cascaded, tunable, delay elements, a phase detector, a charge pump, and a D-type flip-flop. In these embodiments/aspects, the delay elements may be configured to break a VCO period up into Nd equal packets of phase, where Nd is the number of delay elements in the delay line. In this way, the DLL provides negative feedback to help ensure that the total delay through the delay line is one VCO cycle.

In some embodiments/aspects, synthesizer circuitry 1006 d may be configured to generate a carrier frequency as the output frequency, while in other embodiments/aspects, the output frequency may be a multiple of the carrier frequency (e.g., twice the carrier frequency, four times the carrier frequency) and used in conjunction with quadrature generator and divider circuitry to generate multiple signals at the carrier frequency with multiple different phases with respect to each other. In some embodiments/aspects, the output frequency may be a LO frequency (fLO). In some embodiments/aspects, the RF circuitry 1006 may include an IQ/polar converter.

FEM circuitry 1008 may include a receive signal path, which may include circuitry configured to operate on RF signals received from antenna array 1011, amplify the received signals and provide the amplified versions of the received signals to the RF circuitry 1006 for further processing. FEM circuitry 1008 may also include a transmit signal path, which may include circuitry configured to amplify signals for transmission provided by the RF circuitry 1006 for transmission by one or more antenna elements of antenna array 1011. In various embodiments/aspects, the amplification through the transmit or receive signal paths may be done solely in the RF circuitry 1006, solely in the FEM circuitry 1008, or in both the RF circuitry 1006 and the FEM circuitry 1008.

In some embodiments/aspects, the FEM circuitry 1008 may include a TX/RX switch to switch between transmit mode and receive mode operation. The FEM circuitry 1008 may include a receive signal path and a transmit signal path. The receive signal path of the FEM circuitry 1008 may include an LNA to amplify received RF signals and provide the amplified received RF signals as an output (e.g., to the RF circuitry 1006). The transmit signal path of the FEM circuitry 1008 may include a power amplifier (PA) to amplify input RF signals (e.g., provided by RF circuitry 1006), and one or more filters to generate RF signals for subsequent transmission by one or more antenna elements of the antenna array 1011.

The antenna array 1011 comprises one or more antenna elements, each of which is configured convert electrical signals into radio waves to travel through the air and to convert received radio waves into electrical signals. For example, digital baseband signals provided by the baseband circuitry 1010 is converted into analog RF signals (e.g., modulated waveform) that will be amplified and transmitted via the antenna elements of the antenna array 1011 including one or more antenna elements (not shown). The antenna elements may be omnidirectional, direction, or a combination thereof. The antenna elements may be formed in a multitude of arranges, as are known and/or discussed herein. The antenna array 1011 may comprise microstrip antennas or printed antennas that are fabricated on the surface of one or more printed circuit boards. The antenna array 1011 may be formed in as a patch of metal foil (e.g., a patch antenna) in a variety of shapes, and may be coupled with the RF circuitry 1006 and/or FEM circuitry 1008 using metal transmission lines or the like.

Processors of the application circuitry 805/905 and processors of the baseband circuitry 1010 may be used to execute elements of one or more instances of a protocol stack. For example, processors of the baseband circuitry 1010, alone or in combination, may be used execute Layer 3, Layer 2, or Layer 1 functionality, while processors of the application circuitry 805/905 may utilize data (e.g., packet data) received from these layers and further execute Layer 4 functionality (e.g., TCP and UDP layers). As referred to herein, Layer 3 may comprise an RRC layer, described in further detail below. As referred to herein, Layer 2 may comprise a MAC layer, an RLC layer, and a PDCP layer, described in further detail below. As referred to herein, Layer 1 may comprise a PHY layer of a UE/RAN node, described in further detail below.

FIG. 11 illustrates various protocol functions that may be implemented in a wireless communication device according to various embodiments/aspects. In particular, FIG. 11 includes an arrangement 1100 showing interconnections between various protocol layers/entities. The following description of FIG. 11 is provided for various protocol layers/entities that operate in conjunction with the 5G/NR system standards and LTE system standards, but some or all of the aspects of FIG. 11 may be applicable to other wireless communication network systems as well.

The protocol layers of arrangement 1100 may include one or more of PHY 1110, MAC 1120, RLC 1130, PDCP 1140, SDAP 1147, RRC 1155, and NAS layer 1157, in addition to other higher-layer functions not illustrated. The protocol layers may include one or more service access points (e.g., items 1159, 1156, 1150, 1149, 1145, 1135, 1125, and 1115 in FIG. 11) that may provide communication between two or more protocol layers.

The PHY 1110 may transmit and receive physical layer signals 1105 that may be received from or transmitted to one or more other communication devices. The physical layer signals 1105 may comprise one or more physical channels, such as those discussed herein. The PHY 1110 may further perform link adaptation or adaptive modulation and coding (AMC), power control, cell search (e.g., for initial synchronization and handover purposes), and other measurements used by higher layers, such as the RRC 1155. The PHY 1110 may still further perform error detection on the transport channels, forward error correction (FEC) coding/decoding of the transport channels, modulation/demodulation of physical channels, interleaving, rate matching, mapping onto physical channels, and MIMO antenna processing. In embodiments/aspects, an instance of PHY 1110 may process requests from and provide indications to an instance of MAC 1120 via one or more PHY-SAP 1115. According to some embodiments/aspects, requests and indications communicated via PHY-SAP 1115 may comprise one or more transport channels.

Instance(s) of MAC 1120 may process requests from and provide indications to, an instance of RLC 1130 via one or more MAC-SAPs 1125. These requests and indications communicated via the MAC-SAP 1125 may comprise one or more logical channels. The MAC 1120 may perform mapping between the logical channels and transport channels, multiplexing of MAC SDUs from one or more logical channels onto TBs to be delivered to PHY 1110 via the transport channels, de-multiplexing MAC SDUs to one or more logical channels from TBs delivered from the PHY 1110 via transport channels, multiplexing MAC SDUs onto TBs, scheduling information reporting, error correction through HARQ, and logical channel prioritization.

Instance(s) of RLC 1130 may process requests from and provide indications to an instance of PDCP 1140 via one or more radio link control service access points (RLC-SAP) 1135. These requests and indications communicated via RLC-SAP 1135 may comprise one or more RLC channels. The RLC 1130 may operate in a plurality of modes of operation, including Transparent Mode™, Unacknowledged Mode (UM), and Acknowledged Mode (AM). The RLC 1130 may execute a transfer of upper layer protocol data units (PDUs), error correction through automatic repeat request (ARQ) for AM data transfers, and concatenation, segmentation, and reassembly of RLC SDUs for UM and AM data transfers. The RLC 1130 may also execute re-segmentation of RLC data PDUs for AM data transfers, reorder RLC data PDUs for UM and AM data transfers, detect duplicate data for UM and AM data transfers, discard RLC SDUs for UM and AM data transfers, detect protocol errors for AM data transfers, and perform RLC re-establishment.

Instance(s) of PDCP 1140 may process requests from and provide indications to instance(s) of RRC 1155 and/or instance(s) of SDAP 1147 via one or more packet data convergence protocol service access points (PDCP-SAP) 1145. These requests and indications communicated via PDCP-SAP 1145 may comprise one or more radio bearers. The PDCP 1140 may execute header compression and decompression of IP data, maintain PDCP Sequence Numbers (SNs), perform in-sequence delivery of upper layer PDUs at re-establishment of lower layers, eliminate duplicates of lower layer SDUs at re-establishment of lower layers for radio bearers mapped on RLC AM, cipher and decipher control plane data, perform integrity protection and integrity verification of control plane data, control timer-based discard of data, and perform security operations (e.g., ciphering, deciphering, integrity protection, integrity verification, etc.).

Instance(s) of SDAP 1147 may process requests from and provide indications to one or more higher layer protocol entities via one or more SDAP-SAP 1149. These requests and indications communicated via SDAP-SAP 1149 may comprise one or more QoS flows. The SDAP 1147 may map QoS flows to DRBs, and vice versa, and may also mark QFIs in DL and UL packets. A single SDAP entity 1147 may be configured for an individual PDU session. In the UL direction, the NG-RAN 510 may control the mapping of QoS Flows to DRB(s) in two different ways, reflective mapping or explicit mapping. For reflective mapping, the SDAP 1147 of a UE 501 may monitor the QFIs of the DL packets for each DRB and may apply the same mapping for packets flowing in the UL direction. For a DRB, the SDAP 1147 of the UE 501 may map the UL packets belonging to the QoS flows(s) corresponding to the QoS flow ID(s) and PDU session observed in the DL packets for that DRB. To enable reflective mapping, the NG-RAN 710 may mark DL packets over the Uu interface with a QoS flow ID. The explicit mapping may involve the RRC 1155 configuring the SDAP 1147 with an explicit QoS flow to DRB mapping rule, which may be stored and followed by the SDAP 1147. In embodiments/aspects, the SDAP 1147 may only be used in NR implementations and may not be used in LTE implementations.

The RRC 1155 may configure, via one or more management service access points (M-SAP), aspects of one or more protocol layers, which may include one or more instances of PHY 1110, MAC 1120, RLC 1130, PDCP 1140 and SDAP 1147. In embodiments/aspects, an instance of RRC 1155 may process requests from and provide indications to one or more NAS entities 1157 via one or more RRC-SAPs 1156. The main services and functions of the RRC 1155 may include broadcast of system information (e.g., included in MIBs or SIBs related to the NAS), broadcast of system information related to the access stratum (AS), paging, establishment, maintenance and release of an RRC connection between the UE 501 and RAN 510 (e.g., RRC connection paging, RRC connection establishment, RRC connection modification, and RRC connection release), establishment, configuration, maintenance and release of point to point Radio Bearers, security functions including key management, inter-RAT mobility, and measurement configuration for UE measurement reporting. The MIBs and SIBs may comprise one or more IEs, which may each comprise individual data fields or data structures.

The NAS 1157 may form the highest stratum of the control plane between the UE 501 and the AMF 721. The NAS 1157 may support the mobility of the UEs 501 and the session management procedures to establish and maintain IP connectivity between the UE 501 and a P-GW in LTE systems.

According to various embodiments/aspects, one or more protocol entities of arrangement 1100 may be implemented in UEs 501, RAN nodes 511, AMF 721 in NR implementations or MME 621 in LTE implementations, UPF 702 in NR implementations or S-GW 622 and P-GW 623 in LTE implementations, or the like to be used for control plane or user plane communications protocol stack between the aforementioned devices. In such embodiments/aspects, one or more protocol entities that may be implemented in one or more of UE 501, gNB 511, AMF 721, etc. may communicate with a respective peer protocol entity that may be implemented in or on another device using the services of respective lower layer protocol entities to perform such communication. In some embodiments/aspects, a gNB-CU of the gNB 511 may host the RRC 1155, SDAP 1147, and PDCP 1140 of the gNB that controls the operation of one or more gNB-DUs, and the gNB-DUs of the gNB 511 may each host the RLC 1130, MAC 1120, and PHY 1110 of the gNB 511.

In a first example, a control plane protocol stack may comprise, in order from the highest layer to lowest layer, NAS 1157, RRC 1155, PDCP 1140, RLC 1130, MAC 1120, and PHY 1110. In this example, upper layers 1160 may be built on top of the NAS 1157, which includes an IP layer 1161, an SCTP 1162, and an application layer signaling protocol (AP) 1163.

In NR implementations, the AP 1163 may be an NG application protocol layer (NGAP or NG-AP) 1163 for the NG interface 513 defined between the NG-RAN node 511 and the AMF 721, or the AP 1163 may be an Xn application protocol layer (XnAP or Xn-AP) 1163 for the Xn interface 512 that is defined between two or more RAN nodes 511.

The NG-AP 1163 may support the functions of the NG interface 513 and may comprise Elementary Procedures (EPs). An NG-AP EP may be a unit of interaction between the NG-RAN node 511 and the AMF 721. The NG-AP 1163 services may comprise two groups: UE-associated services (e.g., services related to a UE 501) and non-UE-associated services (e.g., services related to the whole NG interface instance between the NG-RAN node 511 and AMF 721). These services may include functions including, but not limited to: a paging function for the sending of paging requests to NG-RAN nodes 511 involved in a particular paging area; a UE context management function for allowing the AMF 721 to establish, modify, and/or release a UE context in the AMF 721 and the NG-RAN node 511; a mobility function for UEs 501 in ECM-CONNECTED mode for intra-system HOs to support mobility within NG-RAN and inter-system HOs to support mobility from/to EPS systems; a NAS Signaling Transport function for transporting or rerouting NAS messages between UE 501 and AMF 721; a NAS node selection function for determining an association between the AMF 721 and the UE 501; NG interface management function(s) for setting up the NG interface and monitoring for errors over the NG interface; a warning message transmission function for providing means to transfer warning messages via NG interface or cancel ongoing broadcast of warning messages; a Configuration Transfer function for requesting and transferring of RAN configuration information (e.g., SON information, performance measurement (PM) data, etc.) between two RAN nodes 511 via CN 520; and/or other like functions.

The XnAP 1163 may support the functions of the Xn interface 512 and may comprise XnAP basic mobility procedures and XnAP global procedures. The XnAP basic mobility procedures may comprise procedures used to handle UE mobility within the NG RAN 511 (or E-UTRAN 610), such as handover preparation and cancellation procedures, SN Status Transfer procedures, UE context retrieval, and UE context release procedures, RAN paging procedures, dual connectivity related procedures, and the like. The XnAP global procedures may comprise procedures that are not related to a specific UE 501, such as Xn interface setup and reset procedures, NG-RAN update procedures, cell activation procedures, and the like.

In LTE implementations, the AP 1163 may be an S1 Application Protocol layer (S1-AP) 1163 for the S1 interface 513 defined between an E-UTRAN node 511 and an MME, or the AP 1163 may be an X2 application protocol layer (X2AP or X2-AP) 1163 for the X2 interface 512 that is defined between two or more E-UTRAN nodes 511.

The S1 Application Protocol layer (S1-AP) 1163 may support the functions of the S1 interface, and similar to the NG-AP discussed previously, and the S1-AP may comprise S1-AP EPs. An S1-AP EP may be a unit of interaction between the E-UTRAN node 511 and an MME 621 within an LTE CN 520. The S1-AP 1163 services may comprise two groups: UE-associated services and non-UE-associated services. These services perform functions including, but not limited to, E-UTRAN Radio Access Bearer (E-RAB) management, UE capability indication, mobility, NAS signaling transport, RAN Information Management (RIM), and configuration transfer.

The X2AP 1163 may support the functions of the X2 interface 512 and may comprise X2AP basic mobility procedures and X2AP global procedures. The X2AP basic mobility procedures may comprise procedures used to handle UE mobility within the E-UTRAN 520, such as handover preparation and cancellation procedures, SN Status Transfer procedures, UE context retrieval, and UE context release procedures, RAN paging procedures, dual connectivity related procedures, and the like. The X2AP global procedures may comprise procedures that are not related to a specific UE 501, such as X2 interface setup and reset procedures, load indication procedures, error indication procedures, cell activation procedures, and the like.

The SCTP layer (alternatively referred to as the SCTP/IP layer) 1162 may provide guaranteed delivery of application layer messages (e.g., NGAP or XnAP messages in NR implementations, or S1-AP or X2AP messages in LTE implementations). The SCTP 1162 may ensure reliable delivery of signaling messages between the RAN node 511 and the AMF 721/MME 621 based, in part, on the IP protocol, supported by the IP 1161. The Internet Protocol layer (IP) 1161 may be used to perform packet addressing and routing functionality. In some implementations, the IP layer 1161 may use the point-to-point transmission to deliver and convey PDUs. In this regard, the RAN node 511 may comprise L2 and L1 layer communication links (e.g., wired or wireless) with the MME/AMF to exchange information.

In a second example, a user plane protocol stack may comprise, in order from the highest layer to lowest layer, SDAP 1147, PDCP 1140, RLC 1130, MAC 1120, and PHY 1110. The user plane protocol stack may be used for communication between the UE 501, the RAN node 511, and UPF 702 in NR implementations or an S-GW 622 and P-GW 623 in LTE implementations. In this example, upper layers 1151 may be built on top of the SDAP 1147 and may include a user datagram protocol (UDP) and IP security layer (UDP/IP) 1152, a General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) Tunneling Protocol for the user plane layer (GTP-U) 1153, and a User Plane PDU layer (UP PDU) 1163.

The transport network layer 1154 (also referred to as a “transport layer”) may be built on IP transport, and the GTP-U 1153 may be used on top of the UDP/IP layer 1152 (comprising a UDP layer and IP layer) to carry user plane PDUs (UP-PDUs). The IP layer (also referred to as the “Internet layer”) may be used to perform packet addressing and routing functionality. The IP layer may assign IP addresses to user data packets in any of IPv4, IPv6, or PPP formats, for example.

The GTP-U 1153 may be used for carrying user data within the GPRS core network and between the radio access network and the core network. The user data transported can be packets in any of IPv4, IPv6, or PPP formats, for example. The UDP/IP 1152 may provide checksums for data integrity, port numbers for addressing different functions at the source and destination, and encryption and authentication on the selected data flow. The RAN node 511 and the S-GW 622 may utilize an S1-U interface to exchange user plane data via a protocol stack comprising an L1 layer (e.g., PHY 1110), an L2 layer (e.g., MAC 1120, RLC 1130, PDCP 1140, and/or SDAP 1147), the UDP/IP layer 1152, and the GTP-U 1153. The S-GW 622 and the P-GW 623 may utilize an S5/S8a interface to exchange user plane data via a protocol stack comprising an L1 layer, an L2 layer, the UDP/IP layer 1152, and the GTP-U 1153. As discussed previously, NAS protocols may support the mobility of the UE 501 and the session management procedures to establish and maintain IP connectivity between the UE 501 and the P-GW 623.

Moreover, although not shown in FIG. 11, an application layer may be present above the AP 1163 and/or the transport network layer 1154. The application layer may be a layer in which a user of the UE 501, RAN node 511, or other network element interacts with software applications being executed, for example, by application circuitry 805 or application circuitry 905, respectively. The application layer may also provide one or more interfaces for software applications to interact with communications systems of the UE 501 or RAN node 511, such as the baseband circuitry 1010. In some implementations, the IP layer and/or the application layer may provide the same or similar functionality as layers 5-7, or portions thereof, of the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model (e.g., OSI Layer 7—the application layer, OSI Layer 6—the presentation layer, and OSI Layer 5—the session layer).

FIG. 12 illustrates components of a core network in accordance with various embodiments/aspects. The components of the CN 620 may be implemented in one physical node or separate physical nodes, including components to read and execute instructions from a machine-readable or computer-readable medium (e.g., a non-transitory machine-readable storage medium). In embodiments/aspects, the components of CN 720 may be implemented in the same or similar manner as discussed herein with regard to the components of CN 620. In some embodiments/aspects, NFV is utilized to virtualize any or all of the above-described network node functions via executable instructions stored in one or more computer-readable storage mediums (described in further detail below). A logical instantiation of the CN 620 may be referred to as a network slice 1201, and individual logical instantiations of the CN 620 may provide specific network capabilities and network characteristics. A logical instantiation of a portion of the CN 620 may be referred to as a network sub-slice 1202 (e.g., the network sub-slice 1202 is shown to include the P-GW 623 and the PCRF 626).

As used herein, the terms “instantiate,” “instantiation,” and the like may refer to the creation of an instance, and an “instance” may refer to a concrete occurrence of an object, which may occur, for example, during the execution of program code. A network instance may refer to information identifying a domain, which may be used for traffic detection, and routing in case of different IP domains or overlapping IP addresses. A network slice instance may refer to a set of network functions (NFs) instances and the resources (e.g., compute, storage, and networking resources) required to deploy the network slice.

With respect to 5G systems (see, e.g., FIG. 7), a network slice always comprises a RAN part and a CN part. The support of network slicing relies on the principle that traffic for different slices is handled by different PDU sessions. The network can realize the different network slices by scheduling and also by providing different L1/L2 configurations. The UE 701 provides assistance information for network slice selection in an appropriate RRC message if it has been provided by NAS. While the network can support a large number of slices, the UE need not support more than 8 slices simultaneously.

A network slice may include the CN 720 control plane and user plane NFs, NG-RANs 710 in a serving PLMN, and an N3IWF function in the serving PLMN. Individual network slices may have different S-NSSAI and/or may have different SSTs. NSSAI includes one or more S-NSSAIs, and each network slice is uniquely identified by an S-NSSAI. Network slices may differ for supported features, and network functions optimizations, and/or multiple network slice instances may deliver the same service/features but for different groups of UEs 701 (e.g., enterprise users). For example, individual network slices may deliver different committed service(s) and/or may be dedicated to a particular customer or enterprise. In this example, each network slice may have different S-NSSAIs with the same SST but with different slice differentiators. Additionally, a single UE may be served with one or more network slice instances simultaneously via a 5G AN and associated eight different S-NSSAIs. Moreover, an AMF 721 instance serving an individual UE 701 may belong to each of the network slice instances serving that UE.

Network Slicing in the NG-RAN 710 involves RAN slice awareness. RAN slice awareness includes differentiated handling of traffic for different network slices, which have been pre-configured. Slice awareness in the NG-RAN 710 is introduced at the PDU session-level by indicating the S-NSSAI corresponding to a PDU session in all signaling that includes PDU session resource information. How the NG-RAN 710 supports the slice enabling in terms of NG-RAN functions (e.g., the set of network functions that comprise each slice) is implementation-dependent. The NG-RAN 710 selects the RAN part of the network slice using assistance information provided by the UE 701 or the 5GC 720, which unambiguously identifies one or more of the pre-configured network slices in the PLMN. The NG-RAN 710 also supports resource management and policy enforcement between slices as per SLAs. A single NG-RAN node may support multiple slices, and the NG-RAN 710 may also apply an appropriate RRM policy for the SLA in place to each supported slice. The NG-RAN 710 may also support QoS differentiation within a slice.

The NG-RAN 710 may also use the UE assistance information for the selection of an AMF 721 during an initial attach, if available. The NG-RAN 710 uses the assistance information for routing the initial NAS to an AMF 721. If the NG-RAN 710 is unable to select an AMF 721 using the assistance information, or the UE 701 does not provide any such information, the NG-RAN 710 sends the NAS signaling to a default AMF 721, which may be among a pool of AMFs 721. For subsequent accesses, the UE 701 provides a temp ID, which is assigned to the UE 701 by the 5GC 720, to enable the NG-RAN 710 to route the NAS message to the appropriate AMF 721 as long as the temp ID is valid. The NG-RAN 710 is aware of and can reach, the AMF 721 that is associated with the temp ID. Otherwise, the method for initial attach applies.

The NG-RAN 710 supports resource isolation between slices. NG-RAN 710 resource isolation may be achieved by means of RRM policies and protection mechanisms that should avoid that shortage of shared resources if one slice breaks the service level agreement for another slice. In some implementations, it is possible to dedicate NG-RAN 710 resources to a certain slice fully. How NG-RAN 710 supports resource isolation is implementation-dependent.

Some slices may be available only in part of the network. Awareness in the NG-RAN 710 of the slices supported in the cells of its neighbors may be beneficial for inter-frequency mobility in connected mode. The slice availability may not change within the UE's registration area. The NG-RAN 710 and the 5GC 720 are responsible for handling a service request for a slice that may or may not be available in a given area. Admission or rejection of access to a slice may depend on factors such as support for the slice, availability of resources, support of the requested service by NG-RAN 710.

The UE 701 may be associated with multiple network slices simultaneously. In case the UE 701 is associated with multiple slices simultaneously, only one signaling connection is maintained, and for intra-frequency cell reselection, the UE 701 tries to camp on the best cell. For inter-frequency cell reselection, dedicated priorities can be used to control the frequency on which the UE 701 camps. The 5GC 720 is to validate that the UE 701 has the rights to access a network slice. Prior to receiving an Initial Context Setup Request message, the NG-RAN 710 may be allowed to apply some provisional/local policies, based on awareness of a particular slice that the UE 701 is requesting to access. During the initial context setup, the NG-RAN 710 is informed of the slice for which resources are being requested.

NFV architectures and infrastructures may be used to virtualize one or more NFs, alternatively performed by proprietary hardware, onto physical resources comprising a combination of industry-standard server hardware, storage hardware, or switches. In other words, NFV systems can be used to execute virtual or reconfigurable implementations of one or more EPC components/functions.

FIG. 13 is a block diagram illustrating components, according to some example embodiments/aspects, of a system 1300 to support NFV. The system 1300 is illustrated as including a VIM 1302, an NFVI 1304, a VNFM 1306, VNFs 1308, an EM 1310, an NFVO 1312, and an NM 1314.

The VIM 1302 manages the resources of the NFVI 1304. The NFVI 1304 can include physical or virtual resources and applications (including hypervisors) used to execute the system 1300. The VIM 1302 may manage the life cycle of virtual resources with the NFVI 1304 (e.g., creation, maintenance, and tear down of VMs associated with one or more physical resources), track VM instances, track performance, fault and security of VM instances and associated physical resources, and expose VM instances and associated physical resources to other management systems.

The VNFM 1306 may manage the VNFs 1308. The VNFs 1308 may be used to execute EPC components/functions. The VNFM 1306 may manage the life cycle of the VNFs 1308 and track performance, fault, and security of the virtual aspects of VNFs 1308. The EM 1310 may track the performance, fault, and security of the functional aspects of VNFs 1308. The tracking data from the VNFM 1306 and the EM 1310 may comprise, for example, PM data used by the VIM 1302 or the NFVI 1304. Both the VNFM 1306 and the EM 1310 can scale up/down the quantity of VNFs of the system 1300.

The NFVO 1312 may coordinate, authorize, release, and engage resources of the NFVI 1304 in order to provide the requested service (e.g., to execute an EPC function, component, or slice). The NM 1314 may provide a package of end-user functions with the responsibility for the management of a network, which may include network elements with VNFs, non-virtualized network functions, or both (management of the VNFs may occur via the EM 1310).

FIG. 14 is a block diagram illustrating components, according to some example embodiments/aspects, able to read instructions from a machine-readable or computer-readable medium (e.g., a non-transitory machine-readable storage medium) and perform any one or more of the methodologies discussed herein. Specifically, FIG. 14 shows a diagrammatic representation of hardware resources 1400, including one or more processors (or processor cores) 1410, one or more memory/storage devices 1420, and one or more communication resources 1430, each of which may be communicatively coupled via a bus 1440. For embodiments/aspects where node virtualization (e.g., NFV) is utilized, a hypervisor 1402 may be executed to provide an execution environment for one or more network slices/sub-slices to utilize the hardware resources 1400.

The processors 1410 may include, for example, a processor 1412 and a processor 1414. The processor(s) 1410 may be, for example, a central processing unit (CPU), a reduced instruction set computing (RISC) processor, a complex instruction set computing (CISC) processor, a graphics processing unit (GPU), a DSP such as a baseband processor, an ASIC, an FPGA, a radio-frequency integrated circuit (RFIC), another processor (including those discussed herein), or any suitable combination thereof.

The memory/storage devices 1420 may include a main memory, disk storage, or any suitable combination thereof. The memory/storage devices 1420 may include but are not limited to, any type of volatile or nonvolatile memory such as dynamic random access memory (DRAM), static random access memory (SRAM), erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM), electrically erasable programmable read-only memory (EEPROM), Flash memory, solid-state storage, etc.

The communication resources 1430 may include interconnection or network interface components or other suitable devices to communicate with one or more peripheral devices 1404 or one or more databases 1406 via a network 1408. For example, the communication resources 1430 may include wired communication components (e.g., for coupling via USB), cellular communication components, NFC components, Bluetooth® (or Bluetooth® Low Energy) components, Wi-Fi® components, and other communication components.

Instructions 1450 may comprise software, a program, an application, an applet, an app, or other executable code for causing at least any of the processors 1410 to perform any one or more of the methodologies discussed herein. The instructions 1450 may reside, completely or partially, within at least one of the processors 1410 (e.g., within the processor's cache memory), the memory/storage devices 1420, or any suitable combination thereof. Furthermore, any portion of the instructions 1450 may be transferred to the hardware resources 1400 from any combination of the peripheral devices 1404 or the databases 1406. Accordingly, the memory of processors 1410, the memory/storage devices 1420, the peripheral devices 1404, and the databases 1406 are examples of computer-readable and machine-readable media.

Examples

Example 1 may include an apparatus comprising: means for identifying or causing to identify a resource allocation scheme for physical uplink channels; means for determining or causing to determine a transmission signal; and means for transmitting or causing to transmit the determined transmission signal based on an interlace.

Example 2 may include the subject matter of example 1, or of any other example herein, wherein the transmission operates in an NR-unlicensed spectrum.

Example 3 may include the subject matter of example 1, or of any other example herein, wherein means for transmitting or causing to transmit the determined transmission signal further includes means for transmitting or causing to transmit one or more uplink signals using B-IFDMA-based uniform/non-uniform interlace design.

Example 4 may include subject matter example 3, or of any other example herein, wherein means for transmitting or causing to transmit the determined transmission signal further includes means for transmitting or causing to transmit over a number of interleaved interlaces indexed 0 . . . M−1 where M is an integer.

Example 5 may include the subject matter of example 4, or of any other example herein, wherein the interleaved interlaces are for a given physical channel.

Example 6 may include the subject matter of example 4, or of any other example herein, wherein the jth indexed interlace includes Nj resource blocks equally spaced in a frequency domain.

Example 7 may include the subject matter of example 6, or of any other example herein, wherein the Nj resource blocks each include X frequency sub-carriers.

Example 8 may include the subject matter of example 6, or of any other example herein, wherein a separation between two consecutive resource blocks in a frequency domain is M blocks, each consisting of X frequency sub-carriers, where M is an integer.

Example 9 may include the subject matter of example 1, or of any other example herein, wherein means for transmitting or causing to transmit the determined transition signal based on the interlace further includes means for transmitting or causing to transmit the determined transmission signal with a full wideband interlace for transmission over a BW of N*20 MHz, where N is an integer.

Example 10 may include the subject matter of example 9, or of any other example herein, wherein means for transmitting or causing to transmit the determined transmission signal further includes means for transmitting or causing to transmit over one or more LBT sub-bands.

Example 11 may include the subject matter of example 10, or of any other example herein, wherein at least one of the one or more LBT sub-bands operate at 20 MHz.

Example 12 may include the subject matter of example 1, or of any other example herein, wherein an interlace may be a full interlace or a partial interlace.

Example 13 may include the subject matter of example 12, or of any other example herein, wherein a bit of a bitmap may indicate an interlace.

Example 14 may include the subject matter of any one of examples 1-13, or of any other example herein, wherein the apparatus is implemented in a UE or a portion thereof.

Example 15 may include the system and method of wireless communication for a fifth-generation (5G) or new radio (NR) system operating in an unlicensed spectrum (NR-unlicensed):

Determine, by UE, a rule of resource allocation for physical uplink channels based on an interleaved frequency division multiplexing approach, hereafter referred to as interlace (the basic unit of resource allocation).

Transmit, by UE, one or more uplink signals using one or more basic units of resource allocation, in accordance with the interlace design.

Example 16 may include the subject matter of example 15 or some other example herein, wherein a UE is scheduled with a full wideband interlace for transmission over the BW of n*20 MHz. The UE transmits over one or multiple of LBT sub-bands (each LBT sub-band being 20 MHz) by using a part of the interlace within the wideband.

Example 17 may include the subject matter of example 16 or some other example herein, wherein a UE is assigned a partial interlace over wideband (i.e., BW>20 MHz), such that number of PRBs/UE remains nearly the same as number of PRBs/interlace over 20 MHz and number of UEs multiplexed within an interlace in frequency division multiplexing (FDM) manner scales with BW (while the number of interlaces M remains the same with increasing BW). In one option, n UEs are frequency division multiplexed in an interleaved manner within a wideband interlace over n*20 MHz BW. PRB assignments within one wideband interlace to n UEs follows the following rule: if the PRB indices within an interlace are numbered C0, C1, C2, C3, . . . , C(N−1) (the interlace being consisted of N PRBs), the PRB indices assigned to UE(1), UE(2), . . . , UE(n) are: UE(1): C0, C(n), C(2n), . . . ; UE(2): C1, C(n+1), C(2n+1), . . . ; . . . ; UE(n): C(n−1), C(2n−1), C(3n−1), . . . .

Example 18 may include the subject matter of example 16 or some other example herein, wherein n UEs are multiplexed in FDM manner within one wideband interlace, where each UE is assigned only a partial sub-band (and the corresponding PRBs within one interlace). As one example, for n*20 MHz BW, n UEs are multiplexed within one wideband interlace, where each UE is assigned PRBs corresponding to a 20 MHz sub-band.

Example 19 may include the subject matter of example 16 or some other example herein, wherein allocation of PRBs within an interlace to a UE starts from the band edges of an LBT sub-band (20 MHz). For example if the interlace contains PRBs#C(1) to PRB#C(n_max) within an LBT sub-band, then allocation proceeds as follows—PRB#C(1), PRB#C(n_max), PRB#C(2), PRB#C(n_max−1), PRB#C(3), PRB#C(n_max-2), . . . . Depending on the allocation size, all PRBs on that interlace may be allocated to the UE, and allocation starts in a similar manner on another interlace on the same LBT sub-band. If all the PRBs on the LBT sub-band are allocated, the gNB starts allocation on the next adjacent LBT sub-band following the same process.

Example 20 may include the subject matter of example 16 or some other example herein, wherein for the indication of resources in examples 3 to 5, separate or joint indication (e.g., using BITMAP) are used for full interlace and partial interlace.

Example 21 may include an apparatus to: identify or cause to identify a resource allocation scheme for physical uplink channels; determine or cause to determine a transmission signal; transmit or cause to transmit the determined transmission signal based on an interlace.

Example 22 may include the subject matter of example 21, or of any other example herein, wherein the transmission operates in an NR-unlicensed spectrum.

Example 23 may include the subject matter of example 21, or of any other example herein, wherein transmit or cause to transmit the determined transmission signal further includes transmit or cause to transmit one or more uplink signals using B-IFDMA-based uniform/non-uniform interlace design.

Example 24 may include subject matter example 23, or of any other example herein, wherein transmit or cause to transmit the determined transmission signal further includes transmit or cause to transmit over a number of interleaved interlaces indexed 0 . . . M−1 where M is an integer.

Example 25 may include the subject matter of example 24, or of any other example herein, wherein the interleaved interlaces are for a given physical channel.

Example 26 may include the subject matter of example 24, or of any other example herein, wherein the jth indexed interlace includes Nj resource blocks equally spaced in a frequency domain.

Example 27 may include the subject matter of example 26, or of any other example herein, wherein the Nj resource blocks each include X frequency sub-carriers.

Example 28 may include the subject matter of example 26, or of any other example herein, wherein a separation between two consecutive resource blocks in a frequency domain is M blocks, each consisting of X frequency sub-carriers, where M is an integer.

Example 29 may include the subject matter of example 21, or of any other example herein, wherein transmit or cause to transmit the determined transition signal based on the interlace further includes transmit or cause to transmit the determined transmission signal with a full wideband interlace for transmission over a BW of N*20 MHz, where N is an integer.

Example 30 may include the subject matter of example 29, or of any other example herein, wherein transmit or cause to transmit the determined transmission signal further includes transmit or cause to transmit over one or more LBT sub-bands.

Example 31 may include the subject matter of example 30, or of any other example herein, wherein at least one of the one or more LBT sub-bands operate at 20 MHz.

Example 32 may include the subject matter of example 21, or of any other example herein, wherein an interlace may be a full interlace or a partial interlace.

Example 33 may include the subject matter of example 32, or of any other example herein, wherein a bit of a bitmap may indicate an interlace.

Example 34 may include the subject matter of any one of examples 21-33, or of any other example herein, wherein the apparatus is a UE or a portion thereof.

UE-METHOD

Example 35 may include a method comprising: identifying or causing to identify a resource allocation scheme for physical uplink channels; determining or causing to determine a transmission signal; transmitting or causing to transmit the determined transmission signal based on an interlace.

Example 36 may include the subject matter of example 1, or of any other example herein, wherein the transmission operates in an NR-unlicensed spectrum.

Example 37 may include the subject matter of example 35 or of any other example herein, wherein transmitting or causing to transmit the determined transmission signal further includes transmitting or causing to transmit one or more uplink signals using B-IFDMA-based uniform/non-uniform interlace design.

Example 38 may include subject matter example 37, or of any other example herein, wherein transmitting or causing to transmit the determined transmission signal further includes transmitting or causing to transmit over a number of interleaved interlaces indexed 0 . . . M−1 where M is an integer.

Example 39 may include the subject matter of example 38, or of any other example herein, wherein the interleaved interlaces are for a given physical channel.

Example 40 may include the subject matter of example 38, or of any other example herein, wherein the jth indexed interlace includes Nj resource blocks equally spaced in a frequency domain.

Example 41 may include the subject matter of example 40, or of any other example herein, wherein the Nj resource blocks each include X frequency sub-carriers.

Example 42 may include the subject matter of example 40, or of any other example herein, wherein a separation between two consecutive resource blocks in a frequency domain is M blocks, each consisting of X frequency sub-carriers, where M is an integer.

Example 43 may include the subject matter of example 35, or of any other example herein, wherein transmitting or causing to transmit the determined transition signal based on the interlace further includes transmitting or causing to transmit the determined transmission signal with a full wideband interlace for transmission over a BW of N*20 MHz, where N is an integer.

Example 44 may include the subject matter of example 43, or of any other example herein, wherein transmitting or causing to transmit the determined transmission signal further includes transmitting or causing to transmit over one or more LBT sub-bands.

Example 45 may include the subject matter of example 44, or of any other example herein, wherein at least one of the one or more LBT sub-bands operate at 20 MHz.

Example 46 may include the subject matter of example 35, or of any other example herein, wherein an interlace may be a full interlace or a partial interlace.

Example 47 may include the subject matter of example 46, or of any other example herein, wherein a bit of a bitmap may indicate an interlace.

Example 48 may include the method of any one of examples 35-47, or of any other example herein, wherein the method is implemented by a UE or a portion thereof.

Example 49 may include an apparatus comprising means to perform one or more elements of a method described in or related to any of examples 1-47, or any other method or process described herein.

Example 50 may include one or more non-transitory computer-readable media comprising instructions to cause an electronic device, upon execution of the instructions by one or more processors of the electronic device, to perform one or more elements of a method described in or related to any of examples 1-47, or any other method or process described herein.

Example 51 may include an apparatus comprising logic, modules, or circuitry to perform one or more elements of a method described in or related to any of examples 1-47, or any other method or process described herein.

Example 52 may include a method, technique, or process as described in or related to any of examples 1-47, or portions or parts thereof.

Example 53 may include an apparatus comprising: one or more processors and one or more computer-readable media comprising instructions that, when executed by the one or more processors, cause the one or more processors to perform the method, techniques, or process as described in or related to any of examples 1-47, or portions thereof.

Example 54 may include a signal as described in or related to any of examples 1-47, or portions or parts thereof.

Example 55 may include a signal in a wireless network, as shown and described herein.

Example 56 may include a method of communicating in a wireless network, as shown and described herein.

Example 57 may include a system for providing wireless communication, as shown and described herein.

Example 58 may include a device for providing wireless communication, as shown and described herein.

Any of the above-described examples may be combined with any other example (or combination of examples) unless explicitly stated otherwise. The foregoing description of one or more implementations provides illustration and description but is not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the scope of embodiments/aspects to the precise form disclosed. Modifications and variations are possible in light of the above teachings or may be acquired from practice of various embodiments/aspects.

Abbreviations

For the purposes of the present document, the following abbreviations may apply to the examples and embodiments/aspects discussed herein.

-   -   3GPP Third Generation Partnership Project     -   4G Fourth Generation     -   5G Fifth Generation     -   5GC 5G Core network     -   ACK Acknowledgement     -   AF Application Function     -   AM Acknowledged Mode     -   AMBR Aggregate Maximum Bit Rate     -   AMF Access and Mobility Management Function     -   AN Access Network     -   ANR Automatic Neighbor Relation     -   AP Application Protocol, Antenna Port, Access Point     -   API Application Programming Interface     -   APN Access Point Name     -   ARP Allocation and Retention Priority     -   ARQ Automatic Repeat Request     -   AS Access Stratum     -   ASN.1 Abstract Syntax Notation One     -   AUSF Authentication Server Function     -   AWGN Additive White Gaussian Noise     -   BCH Broadcast Channel     -   BER Bit Error Ratio     -   BFD Beam Failure Detection     -   BLER Block Error Rate     -   BPSK Binary Phase Shift Keying     -   BRAS Broadband Remote Access Server     -   BSS Business Support System     -   BS Base Station     -   BSR Buffer Status Report     -   BW Bandwidth     -   BWP Bandwidth Part     -   C-RNTI Cell Radio Network Temporary Identity     -   CA Carrier Aggregation, Certification Authority     -   CAPEX CAPital EXpenditure     -   CBRA Contention Based Random Access     -   CC Component Carrier, Country Code, Cryptographic Checksum     -   CCA Clear Channel Assessment     -   CCE Control Channel Element     -   CCCH Common Control Channel     -   CE Coverage Enhancement     -   CDM Content Delivery Network     -   CDMA Code-Division Multiple Access     -   CFRA Contention Free Random Access     -   CG Cell Group     -   CI Cell Identity     -   CID Cell-ID (e.g., positioning method)     -   CIM Common Information Model     -   CIR Carrier to Interference Ratio     -   CK Cipher Key     -   CM Connection Management, Conditional Mandatory     -   CMAS Commercial Mobile Alert Service     -   CMD Command     -   CMS Cloud Management System     -   CO Conditional Optional     -   CoMP Coordinated Multi-Point     -   CORESET Control Resource Set     -   COTS Commercial Off-The-Shelf     -   CP Control Plane, Cyclic Prefix, Connection Point     -   CPD Connection Point Descriptor     -   CPE Customer Premise Equipment     -   CPICH Common Pilot Channel     -   CQI Channel Quality Indicator     -   CPU CSI processing unit, Central Processing Unit     -   C/R Command/Response field bit     -   CRAN Cloud Radio Access Network, Cloud RAN     -   CRB Common Resource Block     -   CRC Cyclic Redundancy Check     -   CRI Channel-State Information Resource Indicator, CSI-RS         Resource Indicator     -   C-RNTI Cell RNTI     -   CS Circuit Switched     -   CSAR Cloud Service Archive     -   CSI Channel-State Information     -   CSI-IM CSI Interference Measurement     -   CSI-RS CSI Reference Signal     -   CSI-RSRP CSI reference signal received power     -   CSI-RSRQ CSI reference signal received quality     -   CSI-SINR CSI signal-to-noise and interference ratio     -   CSMA Carrier Sense Multiple Access     -   CSMA/CA CSMA with collision avoidance     -   CSS Common Search Space, Cell-specific Search Space     -   CTS Clear-to-Send     -   CW Codeword     -   CWS Contention Window Size     -   D2D Device-to-Device     -   DC Dual Connectivity, Direct Current     -   DCI Downlink Control Information     -   DF Deployment Flavor     -   DL Downlink     -   DMTF Distributed Management Task Force     -   DPDK Data Plane Development Kit     -   DM-RS, DMRS Demodulation Reference Signal     -   DN Data network     -   DRB Data Radio Bearer     -   DRS Discovery Reference Signal     -   DRX Discontinuous Reception     -   DSL Domain Specific Language. Digital Subscriber Line     -   DSLAM DSL Access Multiplexer     -   DwPTS Downlink Pilot Time Slot     -   E-LAN Ethernet Local Area Network     -   E2E End-to-End     -   ECCA extended clear channel assessment, extended CCA     -   ECCE Enhanced Control Channel Element, Enhanced CCE     -   ED Energy Detection     -   EDGE Enhanced Datarates for GSM Evolution (GSM Evolution)     -   EGMF Exposure Governance Management Function     -   EGPRS Enhanced GPRS     -   EIR Equipment Identity Register     -   eLAA enhanced Licensed Assisted Access, enhanced LAA     -   EM Element Manager     -   eMBB Enhanced Mobile Broadband     -   EMS Element Management System     -   eNB evolved NodeB, E-UTRAN Node B     -   EN-DC E-UTRA-NR Dual Connectivity     -   EPC Evolved Packet Core     -   EPDCCH enhanced PDCCH, enhanced Physical Downlink Control Cannel     -   EPRE Energy per resource element     -   EPS Evolved Packet System     -   EREG enhanced REG, enhanced resource element groups     -   ETSI European Telecommunications Standards Institute     -   ETWS Earthquake and Tsunami Warning System     -   eUICC embedded UICC, embedded Universal Integrated Circuit Card     -   E-UTRA Evolved UTRA     -   E-UTRAN Evolved UTRAN     -   EV2X Enhanced V2X     -   F1AP F1 Application Protocol     -   F1-C F1 Control plane interface     -   F1-U F1 User plane interface     -   FACCH Fast Associated Control CHannel     -   FACCH/F Fast Associated Control Channel/Full rate     -   FACCH/H Fast Associated Control Channel/Half rate     -   FACH Forward Access Channel     -   FAUSCH Fast Uplink Signaling Channel     -   FB Functional Block     -   FBI Feedback Information     -   FCC Federal Communications Commission     -   FCCH Frequency Correction CHannel     -   FDD Frequency Division Duplex     -   FDM Frequency Division Multiplex     -   FDMA Frequency Division Multiple Access     -   FE Front End     -   FEC Forward Error Correction     -   FFS For Further Study     -   FFT Fast Fourier Transformation     -   feLAA further enhanced Licensed Assisted Access, further         enhanced LAA     -   FN Frame Number     -   FPGA Field-Programmable Gate Array     -   FR Frequency Range     -   G-RNTI GERAN Radio Network Temporary Identity     -   GERAN GSM EDGE RAN, GSM EDGE Radio Access Network     -   GGSN Gateway GPRS Support Node     -   GLONASS GLObal'naya NAvigatsionnaya Sputnikovaya Sistema (Engl.:         Global Navigation Satellite System)     -   gNB Next Generation NodeB     -   gNB-CU gNB-centralized unit, Next Generation NodeB centralized         unit     -   gNB-DU gNB-distributed unit, Next Generation NodeB distributed         unit     -   GNSS Global Navigation Satellite System     -   GPRS General Packet Radio Service     -   GSM Global System for Mobile Communications, Groupe Spécial         Mobile     -   GTP GPRS Tunneling Protocol     -   GTP-U GPRS Tunneling Protocol for User Plane     -   GTS Go To Sleep Signal (related to WUS)     -   GUMMEI Globally Unique MME Identifier     -   GUTI Globally Unique Temporary UE Identity     -   HARQ Hybrid ARQ, Hybrid Automatic Repeat Request     -   HANDO, HO Handover     -   HFN HyperFrame Number     -   HHO Hard Handover     -   HLR Home Location Register     -   HN Home Network     -   HO Handover     -   HPLMN Home Public Land Mobile Network     -   HSDPA High Speed Downlink Packet Access     -   HSN Hopping Sequence Number     -   HSPA High Speed Packet Access     -   HSS Home Subscriber Server     -   HSUPA High Speed Uplink Packet Access     -   HTTP Hyper Text Transfer Protocol     -   HTTPS Hyper Text Transfer Protocol Secure (https is http/1.1         over SSL, i.e., port 443)     -   I-Block Information Block     -   ICCID Integrated Circuit Card Identification     -   ICIC Inter-Cell Interference Coordination     -   ID Identity, identifier     -   IDFT Inverse Discrete Fourier Transform     -   IE Information element     -   IBE In-Band Emission     -   IEEE Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers     -   IEI Information Element Identifier     -   IEIDL Information Element Identifier Data Length     -   IETF Internet Engineering Task Force     -   IF Infrastructure     -   IM Interference Measurement, Intermodulation, IP Multimedia     -   IMC IMS Credentials     -   IMEI International Mobile Equipment Identity     -   IMGI International mobile group identity     -   IMPI IP Multimedia Private Identity     -   IMPU IP Multimedia PUblic identity     -   IMS IP Multimedia Subsystem     -   IMSI International Mobile Subscriber Identity     -   IoT Internet of Things     -   IP Internet Protocol     -   IPsec IP Security, Internet Protocol Security     -   IP-CAN IP-Connectivity Access Network     -   IP-M IP Multicast     -   IPv4 Internet Protocol Version 4     -   IPv6 Internet Protocol Version 6     -   IR Infrared     -   IS In Sync     -   IRP Integration Reference Point     -   ISDN Integrated Services Digital Network     -   ISIM IM Services Identity Module     -   ISO International Organization for Standardization     -   ISP Internet Service Provider     -   IWF Interworking-Function     -   I-WLAN Interworking WLAN     -   K Constraint length of the convolutional code, USIM Individual         key     -   kB Kilobyte (1000 bytes)     -   kbps kilo-bits per second     -   Kc Ciphering key     -   Ki Individual subscriber authentication key     -   KPI Key Performance Indicator     -   KQI Key Quality Indicator     -   KSI Key Set Identifier     -   ksps kilo-symbols per second     -   KVM Kernel Virtual Machine     -   L1 Layer 1 (physical layer)     -   L1-RSRP Layer 1 reference signal received power     -   L2 Layer 2 (data link layer)     -   L3 Layer 3 (network layer)     -   LAA Licensed Assisted Access     -   LAN Local Area Network     -   LBT Listen Before Talk     -   LCM LifeCycle Management     -   LCR Low Chip Rate     -   LCS Location Services     -   LCID Logical Channel ID     -   LI Layer Indicator     -   LLC Logical Link Control, Low Layer Compatibility     -   LPLMN Local PLMN     -   LPP LTE Positioning Protocol     -   LSB Least Significant Bit     -   LTE Long Term Evolution     -   LWA LTE-WLAN aggregation     -   LWIP LTE/WLAN Radio Level Integration with IPsec Tunnel     -   LTE Long Term Evolution     -   M2M Machine-to-Machine     -   MAC Medium Access Control (protocol layering context)     -   MAC Message authentication code (security/encryption context)     -   MAC-A MAC used for authentication and key agreement (TSG T WG3         context)     -   MAC-I MAC used for data integrity of signaling messages (TSG T         WG3 context)     -   MANO Management and Orchestration     -   MBMS Multimedia Broadcast and Multicast Service     -   MBSFN Multimedia Broadcast multicast service Single Frequency         Network     -   MCC Mobile Country Code     -   MCG Master Cell Group     -   MCOT Maximum Channel Occupancy Time     -   MCS Modulation and coding scheme     -   MDAF Management Data Analytics Function     -   MDAS Management Data Analytics Service     -   MDT Minimization of Drive Tests     -   ME Mobile Equipment     -   MeNB master eNB     -   MER Message Error Ratio     -   MGL Measurement Gap Length     -   MGRP Measurement Gap Repetition Period     -   MIB Master Information Block, Management Information Base     -   MIMO Multiple Input Multiple Output     -   MLC Mobile Location Centre     -   MM Mobility Management     -   MME Mobility Management Entity     -   MN Master Node     -   MO Measurement Object, Mobile Originated     -   MPBCH MTC Physical Broadcast CHannel     -   MPDCCH MTC Physical Downlink Control CHannel     -   MPDSCH MTC Physical Downlink Shared CHannel     -   MPRACH MTC Physical Random Access CHannel     -   MPUSCH MTC Physical Uplink Shared Channel     -   MPLS MultiProtocol Label Switching     -   MS Mobile Station     -   MSB Most Significant Bit     -   MSC Mobile Switching Centre     -   MSI Minimum System Information, MCH Scheduling Information     -   MSID Mobile Station Identifier     -   MSIN Mobile Station Identification Number     -   MSISDN Mobile Subscriber ISDN Number     -   MT Mobile Terminated, Mobile Termination     -   MTC Machine-Type Communications     -   mMTC massive MTC, massive Machine-Type Communications     -   MU-MIMO Multi User MIMO     -   MWUS MTC wake-up signal, MTC WUS     -   NACK Negative Acknowledgement     -   NAI Network Access Identifier     -   NAS Non-Access Stratum, Non-Access Stratum layer     -   NCT Network Connectivity Topology     -   NEC Network Capability Exposure     -   NE-DC NR-E-UTRA Dual Connectivity     -   NEF Network Exposure Function     -   NF Network Function     -   NFP Network Forwarding Path     -   NFPD Network Forwarding Path Descriptor     -   NFV Network Functions Virtualization     -   NFVI NFV Infrastructure     -   NFVO NFV Orchestrator     -   NG Next Generation, Next Gen     -   NGEN-DC NG-RAN E-UTRA-NR Dual Connectivity     -   NM Network Manager     -   NMS Network Management System     -   N-PoP Network Point of Presence     -   NMIB, N-MIB Narrowband MIB     -   NPBCH Narrowband Physical Broadcast CHannel     -   NPDCCH Narrowband Physical Downlink Control CHannel     -   NPDSCH Narrowband Physical Downlink Shared CHannel     -   NPRACH Narrowband Physical Random Access CHannel     -   NPUSCH Narrowband Physical Uplink Shared CHannel     -   NPSS Narrowband Primary Synchronization Signal     -   NSSS Narrowband Secondary Synchronization Signal     -   NR New Radio, Neighbor Relation     -   NRF NF Repository Function     -   NRS Narrowband Reference Signal     -   NS Network Service     -   NSA Non-Standalone operation mode     -   NSD Network Service Descriptor     -   NSR Network Service Record     -   NSSAI ‘Network Slice Selection Assistance Information     -   S-NNSAI Single-NSSAI     -   NSSF Network Slice Selection Function     -   NW Network     -   NWUS Narrowband wake-up signal, Narrowband WUS     -   NZP Non-Zero Power     -   O&M Operation and Maintenance     -   ODU2 Optical channel Data Unit—type 2     -   OFDM Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing     -   OFDMA Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access     -   OOB Out-of-band     -   OOS Out of Sync     -   OPEX OPerating EXpense     -   OSI Other System Information     -   OSS Operations Support System     -   OTA over-the-air     -   PAPR Peak-to-Average Power Ratio     -   PAR Peak to Average Ratio     -   PBCH Physical Broadcast Channel     -   PC Power Control, Personal Computer     -   PCC Primary Component Carrier, Primary CC     -   PCell Primary Cell     -   PCI Physical Cell ID, Physical Cell Identity     -   PCEF Policy and Charging Enforcement Function     -   PCF Policy Control Function     -   PCRF Policy Control and Charging Rules Function     -   PDCP Packet Data Convergence Protocol, Packet Data Convergence         Protocol layer     -   PDCCH Physical Downlink Control Channel     -   PDCP Packet Data Convergence Protocol     -   PDN Packet Data Network, Public Data Network     -   PDSCH Physical Downlink Shared Channel     -   PDU Protocol Data Unit     -   PEI Permanent Equipment Identifiers     -   PFD Packet Flow Description     -   P-GW PDN Gateway     -   PHICH Physical hybrid-ARQ indicator channel     -   PHY Physical layer     -   PLMN Public Land Mobile Network     -   PIN Personal Identification Number     -   PM Performance Measurement     -   PMI Precoding Matrix Indicator     -   PNF Physical Network Function     -   PNFD Physical Network Function Descriptor     -   PNFR Physical Network Function Record     -   POC PTT over Cellular     -   PP, PTP Point-to-Point     -   PPP Point-to-Point Protocol     -   PRACH Physical RACH     -   PRB Physical resource block     -   PRG Physical resource block group     -   ProSe Proximity Services, Proximity-Based Service     -   PRS Positioning Reference Signal     -   PRR Packet Reception Radio     -   PS Packet Services     -   PSBCH Physical Sidelink Broadcast Channel     -   PSDCH Physical Sidelink Downlink Channel     -   PSCCH Physical Sidelink Control Channel     -   PSSCH Physical Sidelink Shared Channel     -   PSCell Primary SCell     -   PSS Primary Synchronization Signal     -   PSTN Public Switched Telephone Network     -   PT-RS Phase-tracking reference signal     -   PTT Push-to-Talk     -   PUCCH Physical Uplink Control Channel     -   PUSCH Physical Uplink Shared Channel     -   QAM Quadrature Amplitude Modulation     -   QCI QoS class of identifier     -   QCL Quasi co-location     -   QFI QoS Flow ID, QoS Flow Identifier     -   QoS Quality of Service     -   QPSK Quadrature (Quaternary) Phase Shift Keying     -   QZSS Quasi-Zenith Satellite System     -   RA-RNTI Random Access RNTI     -   RAB Radio Access Bearer, Random Access Burst     -   RACH Random Access Channel     -   RADIUS Remote Authentication Dial In User Service     -   RAN Radio Access Network     -   RAND RANDom number (used for authentication)     -   RAR Random Access Response     -   RAT Radio Access Technology     -   RAU Routing Area Update     -   RB Resource block, Radio Bearer     -   RBG Resource block group     -   REG Resource Element Group     -   Rel Release     -   REQ REQuest     -   RF Radio Frequency     -   RI Rank Indicator     -   RIV Resource indicator value     -   RL Radio Link     -   RLC Radio Link Control, Radio Link Control layer     -   RLC AM RLC Acknowledged Mode     -   RLC UM RLC Unacknowledged Mode     -   RLF Radio Link Failure     -   RLM Radio Link Monitoring     -   RLM-RS Reference Signal for RLM     -   RM Registration Management     -   RMC Reference Measurement Channel     -   RMSI Remaining MSI, Remaining Minimum System Information     -   RN Relay Node     -   RNC Radio Network Controller     -   RNL Radio Network Layer     -   RNTI Radio Network Temporary Identifier     -   ROHC RObust Header Compression     -   RRC Radio Resource Control, Radio Resource Control layer     -   RRM Radio Resource Management     -   RS Reference Signal     -   RSRP Reference Signal Received Power     -   RSRQ Reference Signal Received Quality     -   RSSI Received Signal Strength Indicator     -   RSU Road Side Unit     -   RSTD Reference Signal Time difference     -   RTP Real Time Protocol     -   RTS Ready-To-Send     -   RTT Round Trip Time     -   Rx Reception, Receiving, Receiver     -   S1AP S1 Application Protocol     -   S1-MME S1 for the control plane     -   S1-U S1 for the user plane     -   S-GW Serving Gateway     -   S-RNTI SRNC Radio Network Temporary Identity     -   S-TMSI SAE Temporary Mobile Station Identifier     -   SA Standalone operation mode     -   SAE System Architecture Evolution     -   SAP Service Access Point     -   SAPD Service Access Point Descriptor     -   SAPI Service Access Point Identifier     -   SCC Secondary Component Carrier, Secondary CC     -   SCell Secondary Cell     -   SC-FDMA Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access     -   SCG Secondary Cell Group     -   SCM Security Context Management     -   SCS Subcarrier Spacing     -   SCTP Stream Control Transmission Protocol     -   SDAP Service Data Adaptation Protocol, Service Data Adaptation         Protocol layer     -   SDL Supplementary Downlink     -   SDNF Structured Data Storage Network Function     -   SDP Session Description Protocol     -   SDSF Structured Data Storage Function     -   SDU Service Data Unit     -   SEAF Security Anchor Function     -   SeNB secondary eNB     -   SEPP Security Edge Protection Proxy     -   SFI Slot format indication     -   SFTD Space-Frequency Time Diversity, SFN and frame timing         difference     -   SFN System Frame Number     -   SgNB Secondary gNB     -   SGSN Serving GPRS Support Node     -   S-GW Serving Gateway     -   SI System Information     -   SI-RNTI System Information RNTI     -   SIB System Information Block     -   SIM Subscriber Identity Module     -   SIP Session Initiated Protocol     -   SiP System in Package     -   SL Sidelink     -   SLA Service Level Agreement     -   SM Session Management     -   SMF Session Management Function     -   SMS Short Message Service     -   SMSF SMS Function     -   SMTC SSB-based Measurement Timing Configuration     -   SN Secondary Node, Sequence Number     -   SoC System on Chip     -   SON Self-Organizing Network     -   SpCell Special Cell     -   SP-CSI-RNTI Semi-Persistent CSI RNTI     -   SPS Semi-Persistent Scheduling     -   SQN Sequence number     -   SR Scheduling Request     -   SRB Signaling Radio Bearer     -   SRS Sounding Reference Signal     -   SS Synchronization Signal     -   SSB Synchronization Signal Block, SS/PBCH Block     -   SSBRI SS/PBCH Block Resource Indicator, Synchronization Signal         Block Resource Indicator     -   SSC Session and Service Continuity     -   SS-RSRP Synchronization Signal based Reference Signal Received         Power     -   SS-RSRQ Synchronization Signal based Reference Signal Received         Quality     -   SS-SINR Synchronization Signal based Signal to Noise and         Interference Ratio     -   SSS Secondary Synchronization Signal     -   SSSG Search Space Set Group     -   SSSIF Search Space Set Indicator     -   SST Slice/Service Types     -   SU-MIMO Single User MIMO     -   SUL Supplementary Uplink     -   TA Timing Advance, Tracking Area     -   TAC Tracking Area Code     -   TAG Timing Advance Group     -   TAU Tracking Area Update     -   TB Transport Block     -   TBS Transport Block Size     -   TBD To Be Defined     -   TCI Transmission Configuration Indicator     -   TCP Transmission Communication Protocol     -   TDD Time Division Duplex     -   TDM Time Division Multiplexing     -   TDMA Time Division Multiple Access     -   TE Terminal Equipment     -   TEID Tunnel End Point Identifier     -   TFT Traffic Flow Template     -   TMSI Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity     -   TNL Transport Network Layer     -   TPC Transmit Power Control     -   TPMI Transmitted Precoding Matrix Indicator     -   TR Technical Report     -   TRP, TRxP Transmission Reception Point     -   TRS Tracking Reference Signal     -   TRx Transceiver     -   TS Technical Specifications, Technical Standard     -   TTI Transmission Time Interval     -   Tx Transmission, Transmitting, Transmitter     -   U-RNTI UTRAN Radio Network Temporary Identity     -   UART Universal Asynchronous Receiver and Transmitter     -   UCI Uplink Control Information     -   UE User Equipment     -   UDM Unified Data Management     -   UDP User Datagram Protocol     -   UDSF Unstructured Data Storage Network Function     -   UICC Universal Integrated Circuit Card     -   UL Uplink     -   UM Unacknowledged Mode     -   UML Unified Modeling Language     -   UMTS Universal Mobile Telecommunications System     -   UP User Plane     -   UPF User Plane Function     -   URI Uniform Resource Identifier     -   URL Uniform Resource Locator     -   URLLC Ultra-Reliable and Low Latency     -   USB Universal Serial Bus     -   USIM Universal Subscriber Identity Module     -   USS UE-specific search space     -   UTRA UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access     -   UTRAN Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network     -   UwPTS Uplink Pilot Time Slot     -   V21 Vehicle-to-Infrastructure     -   V2P Vehicle-to-Pedestrian     -   V2V Vehicle-to-Vehicle     -   V2X Vehicle-to-everything     -   VIM Virtualized Infrastructure Manager     -   VL Virtual Link,     -   VLAN Virtual LAN, Virtual Local Area Network     -   VM Virtual Machine     -   VNF Virtualized Network Function     -   VNFFG VNF Forwarding Graph     -   VNFFGD VNF Forwarding Graph Descriptor     -   VNFM VNF Manager     -   VoIP Voice-over-IP, Voice-over-Internet Protocol     -   VPLMN Visited Public Land Mobile Network     -   VPN Virtual Private Network     -   VRB Virtual Resource Block     -   WiMAX Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access     -   WLAN Wireless Local Area Network     -   WMAN Wireless Metropolitan Area Network     -   WPAN Wireless Personal Area Network     -   X2-C X2-Control plane     -   X2-U X2-User plane     -   XML eXtensible Markup Language     -   XRES EXpected user RESponse     -   XOR eXclusive OR     -   ZC Zadoff-Chu     -   ZP Zero Power

Terminology

For the purposes of the present document, the following terms and definitions are applicable to the examples and embodiments/aspects discussed herein.

The term “circuitry” as used herein refers to, is part of, or includes hardware components such as an electronic circuit, a logic circuit, a processor (shared, dedicated, or group) and/or memory (shared, dedicated, or group), an Application Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC), a field-programmable device (FPD) (e.g., a field-programmable gate array (FPGA), a programmable logic device (PLD), a complex PLD (CPLD), a high-capacity PLD (HCPLD), a structured ASIC, or a programmable SoC), digital signal processors (DSPs), etc., that is configured to provide the described functionality. In some embodiments/aspects, the circuitry may execute one or more software or firmware programs to provide at least some of the described functionality. The term “circuitry” may also refer to a combination of one or more hardware elements (or a combination of circuits used in an electrical or electronic system) with the program code used to carry out the functionality of that program code. In these embodiments/aspects, the combination of hardware elements and program code may be referred to as a particular type of circuitry.

The term “processor circuitry” as used herein refers to, is part of or includes circuitry capable of sequentially and automatically carrying out a sequence of arithmetic or logical operations, or recording, storing, and/or transferring digital data. The term “processor circuitry” may refer to one or more application processors, one or more baseband processors, a physical central processing unit (CPU), a single-core processor, a dual-core processor, a triple-core processor, a quad-core processor, and/or any other device capable of executing or otherwise operating computer-executable instructions, such as program code, software modules, and/or functional processes. The terms “application circuitry” and/or “baseband circuitry” may be considered synonymous to, and may be referred to as “processor circuitry.”

The term “interface circuitry” as used herein refers to, is part of or includes circuitry that enables the exchange of information between two or more components or devices. The term “interface circuitry” may refer to one or more hardware interfaces, for example, buses, I/O interfaces, peripheral component interfaces, network interface cards, and/or the like.

The term “user equipment” or “UE” as used herein refers to a device with radio communication capabilities and may describe a remote user of network resources in a communications network. The term “user equipment” or “UE” may be considered synonymous to and may be referred to as, client, mobile, mobile device, mobile terminal, user terminal, mobile unit, mobile station, mobile user, subscriber, user, remote station, access agent, user agent, receiver, radio equipment, reconfigurable radio equipment, reconfigurable mobile device, etc. Furthermore, the term “user equipment” or “UE” may include any type of wireless/wired device or any computing device, including a wireless communications interface.

The term “network element” as used herein refers to physical or virtualized equipment and/or infrastructure used to provide wired or wireless communication network services. The term “network element” may be considered synonymous to and/or referred to as a networked computer, networking hardware, network equipment, network node, router, switch, hub, bridge, radio network controller, RAN device, RAN node, gateway, server, virtualized VNF, NFVI, and/or the like.

The term “computer system” as used herein refers to any type of interconnected electronic devices, computer devices, or components thereof. Additionally, the term “computer system” and/or “system” may refer to various components of a computer that are communicatively coupled with one another. Furthermore, the term “computer system” and/or “system” may refer to multiple computing devices and/or multiple computing systems that are communicatively coupled with one another and configured to share computing and/or networking resources.

The term “appliance,” “computer appliance,” or the like, as used herein, refers to a computer device or computer system with program code (e.g., software or firmware) that is specifically designed to provide a specific computing resource. A “virtual appliance” is a virtual machine image to be implemented by a hypervisor-equipped device that virtualizes or emulates a computer appliance or otherwise is dedicated to providing a specific computing resource.

The term “resource” as used herein refers to a physical or virtual device, a physical or virtual component within a computing environment, and/or a physical or virtual component within a particular device, such as computer devices, mechanical devices, memory space, processor/CPU time, processor/CPU usage, processor and accelerator loads, hardware time or usage, electrical power, input/output operations, ports or network sockets, channel/link allocation, throughput, memory usage, storage, network, database and applications, workload units, and/or the like. A “hardware resource” may refer to compute, storage, and/or network resources provided by a physical hardware element(s). A “virtualized resource” may refer to compute, storage, and/or network resources provided by virtualization infrastructure to an application, device, system, etc. The term “network resource” or “communication resource” may refer to resources that are accessible by computer devices/systems via a communications network. The term “system resources” may refer to any kind of shared entities to provide services, and may include computing and/or network resources. System resources may be considered as a set of coherent functions, network data objects or services, accessible through a server where such system resources reside on a single host or multiple hosts and are clearly identifiable.

The term “channel” as used herein refers to any transmission medium, either tangible or intangible, which is used to communicate data or a data stream. The term “channel” may be synonymous with and/or equivalent to “communications channel,” “data communications channel,” “transmission channel,” “data transmission channel,” “access channel,” “data access channel,” “link,” “data link,” “carrier,” “radiofrequency carrier,” and/or any other like term denoting a pathway or medium through which data is communicated. Additionally, the term “link” as used herein refers to a connection between two devices through a RAT for the purpose of transmitting and receiving information.

The terms “instantiate,” “instantiation,” and the like as used herein refers to the creation of an instance. An “instance” also refers to a concrete occurrence of an object, which may occur, for example, during the execution of the program code.

The terms “coupled,” “communicatively coupled,” along with derivatives thereof, are used herein. The term “coupled” may mean two or more elements are in direct physical or electrical contact with one another, may mean that two or more elements indirectly contact each other but still cooperate or interact with each other, and/or may mean that one or more other elements are coupled or connected between the elements that are said to be coupled with each other. The term “directly coupled” may mean that two or more elements are in direct contact with one another. The term “communicatively coupled” may mean that two or more elements may be in contact with one another by a means of communication, including through a wire or other interconnect connection, through a wireless communication channel or ink, and/or the like.

The term “information element” refers to a structural element containing one or more fields. The term “field” refers to the individual contents of an information element or a data element that contains content.

The term “SMTC” refers to an SSB-based measurement timing configuration configured by SSB-MeasurementTimingConfiguration.

The term “SSB” refers to an SS/PBCH block.

The term “a “Primary Cell” refers to the MCG cell, operating on the primary frequency, in which the UE either performs the initial connection establishment procedure or initiates the connection re-establishment procedure.

The term “Primary SCG Cell” refers to the SCG cell in which the UE performs random access when performing the Reconfiguration with Sync procedure for DC operation.

The term “Secondary Cell” refers to a cell providing additional radio resources on top of a Special Cell for a UE configured with CA.

The term “Secondary Cell Group” refers to the subset of serving cells comprising the PSCell and zero or more secondary cells for a UE configured with DC.

The term “Serving Cell” refers to the primary cell for a UE in RRC_CONNECTED not configured with CA/DC; there is only one serving cell comprising of the primary cell.

The term “serving cell” or “serving cells” refers to the set of cells comprising the Special Cell(s) and all secondary cells for a UE in RRC_CONNECTED configured with CA/.

The term “Special Cell” refers to the PCell of the MCG or the PSCell of the SCG for DC operation; otherwise, the term “Special Cell” refers to the Pcell.

As described above, aspects of the present technology may include the gathering and use of data available from various sources, e.g., to improve or enhance functionality. The present disclosure contemplates that, in some instances, this gathered data may include personal information data that uniquely identifies or can be used to contact or locate a specific person. Such personal information data can include demographic data, location-based data, telephone numbers, email addresses, Twitter ID's, home addresses, data or records relating to a user's health or level of fitness (e.g., vital signs measurements, medication information, exercise information), date of birth, or any other identifying or personal information. The present disclosure recognizes that the use of such personal information data, in the present technology, may be used to the benefit of users.

The present disclosure contemplates that the entities responsible for the collection, analysis, disclosure, transfer, storage, or other use of such personal information data will comply with well-established privacy policies and/or privacy practices. In particular, such entities should implement and consistently use privacy policies and practices that are generally recognized as meeting or exceeding industry or governmental requirements for maintaining personal information data private and secure. Such policies should be easily accessible by users and should be updated as the collection and/or use of data changes. Personal information from users should be collected for legitimate and reasonable uses of the entity and not shared or sold outside of those legitimate uses. Further, such collection/sharing should only occur after receiving the informed consent of the users. Additionally, such entities should consider taking any needed steps for safeguarding and securing access to such personal information data and ensuring that others with access to the personal information data adhere to their privacy policies and procedures. Further, such entities can subject themselves to evaluation by third parties to certify their adherence to widely accepted privacy policies and practices. In addition, policies and practices should be adapted for the particular types of personal information data being collected and/or accessed and adapted to applicable laws and standards, including jurisdiction-specific considerations. For instance, in the US, collection of, or access to, certain health data may be governed by federal and/or state laws, such as the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA); whereas health data in other countries may be subject to other regulations and policies and should be handled accordingly. Hence different privacy practices should be maintained for different personal data types in each country.

Despite the foregoing, the present disclosure also contemplates embodiments in which users selectively block the use of, or access to, personal information data. That is, the present disclosure contemplates that hardware and/or software elements can be provided to prevent or block access to such personal information data. For example, the present technology may be configurable to allow users to selectively “opt-in” or “opt-out” of participation in the collection of personal information data, e.g., during registration for services or anytime thereafter. In addition to providing “opt-in” and “opt-out” options, the present disclosure contemplates providing notifications relating to the access or use of personal information. For instance, a user may be notified upon downloading an app that their personal information data will be accessed and then reminded again just before personal information data is accessed by the app.

Moreover, it is the intent of the present disclosure that personal information data should be managed and handled in a way to minimize risks of unintentional or unauthorized access or use. Risk can be minimized by limiting the collection of data and deleting data once it is no longer needed. In addition, and when applicable, including in certain health-related applications, data de-identification can be used to protect a user's privacy. De-identification may be facilitated, when appropriate, by removing specific identifiers (e.g., date of birth, etc.), controlling the amount or specificity of data stored (e.g., collecting location data a city level rather than at an address level), controlling how data is stored (e.g., aggregating data across users), and/or other methods.

Therefore, although the present disclosure may broadly cover the use of personal information data to implement one or more various disclosed embodiments, the present disclosure also contemplates that the various embodiments can also be implemented without the need for accessing such personal information data. That is, the various embodiments of the present technology are not rendered inoperable due to the lack of all or a portion of such personal information data. 

1. An Access Point (AP), the AP comprising: processor circuitry configured to: determine a plurality of interleaved interlaces based on a bandwidth of a physical uplink channel and a subcarrier spacing (SCS); identify a plurality of resource blocks (RBs) corresponding to a first interleaved interlace of the plurality of interleaved interlaces, wherein the plurality of RBs is based on a number of subcarriers per RB; allocate the plurality of RBs corresponding to the first interleaved interlace among one or more user equipments (UEs); and generate an indication of the allocated plurality of RBs, the first interleaved interlace, and the one or ore UEs; and radio front end circuitry, coupled to the processor circuitry, configured to: transmit, to the one or more UEs, the indication of the allocated plurality of RBs and the first interleaved interlace for the one or more UEs to transmit over the physical uplink channel.
 2. The AP of claim 1, wherein the processor circuitry is further configured to: allocate the plurality of RBs, wherein at least one of the plurality of RBs is a fractional unit of a physical resource block (PRB).
 3. The AP of claim 1, wherein the processor circuitry is further configured to: identify a different number of RBs corresponding to a second interleaved interlace compared to a number of the plurality of RBs corresponding to the first interleaved interlace.
 4. The AP of claim 1, wherein the bandwidth of the physical uplink channel corresponds to one or more listen-before-transmission (LBT) sub-bands acquired using an LBT procedure.
 5. The AP of claim 1, wherein the one or more UEs comprise a first UE and a second UE, wherein the first UE and the second UE are frequency division multiplexed, and wherein the processor circuitry is further configured to unequally allocate the plurality of RBs to the first frequency division multiplexed UE and the second frequency division multiplexed UE.
 6. The AP of claim 1, wherein the indication is a bitmap.
 7. The AP of claim 6, wherein a size of the bitmap equals a number of the plurality of interleaved interlaces.
 8. A method, comprising: determining, by an access point (AP) for a wireless communication system, a plurality of interleaved interlaces based on a bandwidth of a physical uplink channel and a subcarrier spacing (SCS); identifying, by the AP, a plurality of resource blocks (RBs) corresponding to a first interleaved interlace of the plurality of interleaved interlaces, wherein the plurality of RBs is based on a number of subcarriers per RB; allocating, by the AP, the plurality of RBs corresponding to the first interleaved interlace among one or more user equipments (UEs); generating, by the AP, an indication of the allocated plurality of RBs, the first interleaved interlace, and the one or more UEs; and transmitting, from the AP to the one or more UEs, the indication of the allocated plurality of RBs and the first interleaved interlace for the one or more UEs to transmit over the physical uplink channel.
 9. The method of claim 8, further comprising: allocating, by the AP, the plurality of RBs, wherein at least one of the plurality of RBs is a fractional unit of a physical resource block (PRB).
 10. The method of claim 8, further comprising: identifying, by the AP, a different number of RBs corresponding to a second interleaved interlace compared to a number of the plurality of RBs corresponding to the first interleaved interlace.
 11. The method of claim 8, wherein the bandwidth of the physical uplink channel corresponds to one or more listen-before-transmission (LBT) sub-bands acquired using an LBT procedure.
 12. The method of claim 8, wherein the one or more UEs comprise a first UE and a second UE, wherein the first UE and the second UE are frequency division multiplexed, and the method further comprises allocating, by the AP, the plurality of RBs to the first frequency division multiplexed UE and the second frequency division multiplexed UE unequally.
 13. The method of claim 8, wherein the indication is a bitmap.
 14. The method of claim 13, wherein a size of the bitmap equals a number of the plurality of interleaved interlaces.
 15. A non-transitory computer-readable media (CRM) comprising computer instructions, whereupon execution of the computer instructions by one or more processors of an access point (AP), causes the one or more processors to: determine a plurality of interleaved interlaces based on a bandwidth of a physical uplink channel and a subcarrier spacing (SCS); identify a plurality of resource blocks (RBs) corresponding to a first interleaved interlace of the plurality of interleaved interlaces, wherein the plurality of RBs is based on a number of subcarriers per RB; allocate the plurality of RBs corresponding to the first interleaved interlace among one or more user equipments (UEs); generate an indication of the allocated plurality of RBs, the first interleaved interlace, and the one or more UEs; and transmit, to the one or more UEs, the indication of the allocated plurality of RBs and the first interleaved interlace for the one or more UEs to transmit over the physical uplink channel.
 16. The non-transitory CRM of claim 15, wherein, upon execution, the computer instructions further cause the one or more processors to: allocate the plurality of RBs, wherein at least one of the plurality of RBs is a fractional unit of a physical resource block (PRB).
 17. The non-transitory CRM of claim 15, wherein, upon execution, the computer instructions further cause the one or more processors to: identify a different number of RBs corresponding to a second interleaved interlace compared to a number of the plurality of RBs corresponding to the first interleaved interlace.
 18. The non-transitory CRM of claim 15, wherein the bandwidth of the physical uplink channel corresponds to one or more listen-before-transmission (LBT) sub-bands acquired using an LBT procedure.
 19. The non-transitory CRM of claim 15, wherein the one or more UEs comprise a first UE and a second UE, wherein the first UE and the second UE are frequency division multiplexed, and wherein, upon execution, the computer instructions further cause the one or more processors to: unequally allocate the plurality of RBs to the first frequency division multiplexed UE and the second frequency division multiplexed UE.
 20. The non-transitory CRM of claim 15, wherein indication is a bitmap, and wherein a size of the bitmap equals a number of the plurality of interleaved interlaces. 